11. The vacuolar V-ATPase primarily functions to (A) generate ATP from proton gradients. (B) export protons from the cell. (C) acidify intracellular compartments. (D) maintain mitochondrial membrane potential (E) transport into the ER

7. What is the role of cytochrome c release during intrinsic apoptosis? (A) It binds directly to pro-caspase-3, causing its activation. (B) It neutralizes IAP proteins like XIAP, freeing caspases from inhibition. (C) It released proteases from the mitochondria to cleave protein targets. (D) It permeabilizes the mitochondrial inner membrane, causing a loss of ATP production. (E) It triggers the formation of the apoptosome with APAF-1, which then activates caspase-9.

11. The vacuolar V-ATPase primarily functions to
(A) generate ATP from proton gradients.
(B) export protons from the cell.
(C) acidify intracellular compartments.
(D) maintain mitochondrial membrane potential
(E) transport into the ER

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