12. In a biotin-dependent carboxylation, _______provides the energy for activation of_________
(A) acetyl CoA； carbon dioxide
(B) ATP； lysine amine group
(C) NADH； bicarbonate
(D) ATP； bicarbonate
(E) acetyl CoA； carboxyl group

8. Which of the following statements about free energy or standard state is correct? 1. Free energy is the energy available to perform work.  2. Free energy changes can be measured at constant temperature and pressure.  3. For biochemical reactions, standard state for [H+] is M (A) 1 and 2 (B) 2 only (D) None of above is correct. (E) All of above are correct. (C) 2 and 3

9. Which statement is correct regarding prostaglandins? (A) Prostaglandins are formed from linolenic acid by oxidation and cyclization. (B) Prostaglandins are impotent mediators of inflammation. (C) NSAIDs inhibit the formation of prostaglandins by targeting prostaglandin-endoperoxide H synthase. (D) Prostaglandins are docosanoids. (E) None of the above.

10. Which statement is correct? (A) The PCSK9 protein is a chaperone that binds to HDL receptors on the cell surface. (B) The PCSK9 protein directs the PCSK9-LDL complex to the ribosome to degrade. (C) The PCSK9 protein's inhibition results in more HDL receptors on the cell surface. (D) The current clinically used PCSK9 inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies. (E) The PCSK9 protein is a vital regulator of circulating HDL receptor levels.

11. The most sensitive indicator of the energetic status of the cell is the concentration of: (A) AMP. (B) ADP. (C) ATP. (D) cAMP. (E)glucose.

13. Which of the following compounds has the largest negative value for the standard free-energy change (AG") upon hydrolysis? (A) Acetic anhydride (B) Glucose 6-Phosphate (C) Glutamine (D) Glycerol 3-phosphate (E) Lactose

14. Under anaerobic conditions, skeletal muscle generates lactate from pyruvate to: (A) lower the pH. (B) promote release of oxygen from hemoglobin. (C) generate additional ATP. (D) be warning of muscle fatigue. (E) regenerate NAD+ for further glycolysis.

15. A cell that is unable to synthesize or obtain tetrahydrofolic acid (H4 folate) would probably be deficient in the biosynthesis of: (A) dCMP. (B) GMP. (C) orotate. (D) dTMP. (E) UMP.

16. In triacylglyceros, the glycerol and the fatty acid moieties is joined covalently in a: (A) phosphodieaster bond. (B) ester bond. (D) amide bond. (E) N-β-glycosyl bond. (C) ether bond.

17. 2,4-Dinitrophenol and oligomycin inhibit mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. 2,4-Dinitrophenol is an uncoupling agent； oligomycin blocks the ATP synthesis reaction itself. Therefore, 2,4-dinitrophenol will: (A) allow electron transfer in the presence of oligomycin. (B) allow oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of oligomycin. (C) block electron transfer in the presence of oligomycin. (D) diminish O2 consumption in the presence of oligomycin. (E) None of the above

18. A molecule such as 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) works to uncouple the proton gradient. Which of the following is true about 2,4-DNP? (A) 2,4-DNP is protonated in the matrix and deprotonated in the intermembrane space. (B) The presence of an uncoupler results in an increase in the activity of the TCA cycle and electron transport. (C) 2,4-DNP is a very ineffective uncoupler because its hydrophobic structure prevents it from effectively crossing lipid bilayer membranes. (D) 2,4-DNP has been used as a very effective diet aid for the past 70 years. (E) None of the above is correct.