12. Suppose the price of gasoline increases rapidly, and that consumers respond by buying a smaller quantity of gasoline. The consumer price index
(A) reflects this price increase accurately.
(B) understates the price increase due to the so-called income bias.
(C) overstates the price increase due to the so-called income bias.
(D) overstates the price increase due to the so-called substitution bias.

13. If there are diminishing returns to capital, then (A) capital produces fewer goods as it ages. (B) old ideas are not as useful as new ones. (C) increases in the capital stock eventually decrease output. (D) increases in the capital stock increase output by ever smaller amounts.

14. Suppose that in a closed economy GDP is $11 trillion, consumption is $7 trillion, taxes are $3 trillion and the government runs a surplus of $1 trillion. What are private saving and national saving? (A) $4 trillion and $1 trillion (B) $4 trillion and $5 trillion (C) $1 trillion and $2 trillion (D) $1 trillion and $1 trillion

15. Suppose some country had an adult population of about 25 million, the labor-force participation rate was 60 percent, and the unemployment rate was 6 percent. What were the number of people employed and the number of people in the labor force? (A) 11.75 million and 12.5 million (B) 13.5 million and 15 million (C) 14 million and 12.5 million (D) 14.1 million and 15 million

16. Suppose that banks decide to hold more excess reserves relative to deposits. Other things the same, this action will cause the (A) money supply to fall. To reduce the impact of this, the Central Bank could lower the discount rate. (B) money supply to fall. To reduce the impact of this, the Central Bank could raise the discount rate. (C) money supply to rise. To reduce the impact of this, the Central Bank could lower the discount rate. (D) money supply to rise. To reduce the impact of this, the Central Bank could raise the discount rate.

17. According to the classical dichotomy, when the money supply doubles, which of the following double? (A) The price level and nominal GDP (B) The price level and real GDP (C) Only real GDP (D) Only the price level

18. If the actual price level is 165, but people had been expecting it to be 160, then (A) the quantity of output supplied rises, but only in the short run. (B) the quantity of output supplied rises in the short run and the long run. (C) the quantity of output supplied falls, but only in the short run. (D) the quantity of output supplied falls in the short run and the long run.

19. Which of the following correctly explains the crowding-out effect? (A) An increase in government expenditures decreases the interest rate and so increases investment spending. (B) An increase in government expenditures increases the interest rate and so reduces investment spending. (C) A decrease in government expenditures increases the interest rate and so increases investment spending. (D) A decrease in government expenditures decreases the interest rate and so reduces investment spending.

20. The long-run Phillips curve would shift left if (A) the money supply increased or if the minimum wage was reduced. (B) the money supply increased but not if the minimum wage was reduced. (C) the minimum wage was reduced but not if the money supply increased. (D) None of the above.

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