12. What is the source of the hormones that, when suddenly absent, are directly responsible for the onset of menstruation?
(A) vestibular (Bartholin's) glands
(B) corpus luteum
(C) hypothalamus
(D) pituitary
(E) ovarian follicle

13. In the absence of meiosis and sexual reproduction, what general process allows genetic recombination among prokaryotes? (A) chemoautotrophy (B) mutation (C) horizontal gene transfer (D) endospore formation (E) evolution

14. The centromere is a region in which (A) chromosomes become aligned during metaphase (B) the chromosomes are connected to the cell plate in metaphase (C) microtubules are fastened to the centrioles during anaphase (D) sister chromatids are attached to one another in prophase (E) the new cell plate forms in telophase

15. In which animal does the circulatory system include a heart and a system of closed vessels? (A) fish (B) crayfish (C) beetle (D) sea anemone (E) sponge

16. Which set of enzymes is involved in nucleotide excision repair? (A) nuclease, DNA polymerase, and ligase (B) hydrolase, nuclease, and ligase (C) DNA polymerase, helicase, primase (D) nuclease, DNA polymerase, primase (E) ligase, nuclease, and primase

17. When goats were introduced to an island off the California coast, the goats inhabited the same areas and ate the same plants as the native deer. The deer population dwindled and finally disappeared. This is an example of (A) a food chain (B) succession (C) coevolution (D) competitive exclusion (E) commensalism

18. Taxol is an anticancer drug extracted from the Pacific yew tree. In animal cells, Taxol disrupts microtubule formation by binding to microtubules and accelerating their assembly from the protein precursor tubulin. Surprisingly, this stops mitosis. Specifically, Taxol must affect (A) the formation of the mitotic spindle. (B) chromatid assembly. (C) anaphase. (D) the S phase of the cell cycle. (E) formation of the centrioles.

19. Restriction enzymes help defend bacteria against viral infections by (A) preventing entry of the viral DNA into the cell (B) cutting viral DNA once it has entered the cell (C) preventing the binding of the virus to the cell surface (D) preventing integration of the viral genome into the host chromosome (E) preventing the synthesis of viral capsomeres in the cell

20. An Okazaki fragment has which of the following arrangements? (A) primase, polymerase, ligase (B) 3' RNA nucleotides, DNA nucleotides 5' (C) 5' DNA to 3' (D) DNA polymerase I, DNA polymerase III (E) 5' RNA nucleotides, DNA nucleotides 3'

21. In sexually reproducing species, the chromosome number remains stable over time because __________ and __________ always alternate. (A) meiosis ... interphase (B) meiosis ... fertilization (C) mitosis ... fertilization (D) meiosis ... mitosis (E) meiosis I ... meiosis II

22. In a series of immune system experiments, the thymus glands were removed from baby mice. Which of the following would you predict as a likely result? (A) The mice never developed cancerous tumors. (B) The mice readily accepted tissue transplants. (C) The mice were unable to produce an inflammatory response. (D) The mice suffered from numerous allergies. (E) The mice suffered from autoimmune diseases.

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