12. Which one is   not   the product of glycerophospholipid breakdown as signal molecules?
(A) Arachidonic acid
(B) Lysophosphatidic acid
(C) Diacylglycerol
(D) Inositol phosphates, including inositol-1,4,5-triPhosphate
(E) Palmitate

8. The metabolic function of the pentose phosphate pathway is to? (A) act as a source of ADP biosynthesis. (B) participate in oxidation-reduction reactions during the formation of H2O. (C) provide intermediates for the citric acid cycle. (D) generate NADPH and pentoses for the biosynthesis of fatty acids and nucleic acids. (E) synthesize phosphorus pentoxide.

9. Which one has ether bond rather than ester bond? (A) Phosphotidylcholine (B) Phosphotidylserine (C) Plasmalogen (D) Phosphotidylethanolamine (E) Sphingomyosin

10. Which one is the basic unit for the synthesis of cholesterol? (A) Malonyl-CoA (B) Serine (C) Palmitoyl-coA (D) Isoprene (E) L-glycerol 3-phosphate

11. How does a bear obtain the most of water during its hibernation? (A) Glucose oxidation (B) Fat oxidation (C) Fatty acid synthesis (D) Glycogen breakdown (E) Urine and feces

13. Which one is   not  the difference between fatty acid breakdown and biosynthesis? (A) Intermediates linked to -SH groups of acyl carrier proteins (B) Synthesis in cytosol； breakdown in mitochondria (C) Synthesis are dependent on the fatty acid synthase. (D) Biosynthesis uses NADPH/NADP+； breakdown uses NADH/NAD*. (E) Biosynthesis in ER； breakdown in cytosol.

14. Which one proceeds with a oxidation? (A) Palmitic acid (16:0) (B) Lenoleic acid (C) Phytanic acid (D) Eicosapentaenoic acid (E) Long chain odd number lipid

15. In phosphoryl group transfer reactions, the ______ of the nucleotide serves as an information symbol, channeling the nucleotide to appropriate metabolic activities. (A) diphosphate anhydride (B) base (C) sugar-phosphate ester (D) pentose (E) phosphate-Mg2+ complex

16. Urea and formamide are agents that denature double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) by (A) forming ionic bonds with the backbone phosphates. (B) breaking the phosphodiester bond. (C) changing the pH to cause hydrolysis. (D) competing effectively with the H-bonding between the base pairs. (E) intercalating between base pairs and disrupting van der Waals interactions.

17. In the Southern hybridization procedure, the gel after electrophoresis is treated with NaOH and then neutralized before blotting. What is the primary function of the alkaline treatment? (A) It neutralizes any acid soluble impurities in the gel. (B) It denatures the duplex DNA to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). (C) It neutralizes any acidic phosphate groups that might prevent hybridization. (D) It inactivates any restriction endonucleases that may be in the gel. (E) It cleaves the DNA into smaller fragments to permit greater efficiency of transfer.

18. When transketolase acts on fructose 6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, the products are: (A) dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate. (B) xylulose 5-phosphate and erythrose 4-phosphate. (C) 3-phosphoglycerate and two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. (D) xylulose 5-phosphate and ribose 5-phosphate. (E) 3-phosphoglycerate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.