13. Which of the following diseases is an example of a type II hypersensitivity reaction?
(A) Asthma
(B) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
(C) Contact dermatitis
(D) Rheumatoid arthritis
(E) Multiple sclerosis

14. Which of the following statements regarding the pathogenesis of a type IIl bypersensitivity reaction? (A) The release of vasoactive amines and cytokines from mast cells. (B) Cell-mediated cytotoxicity. (C) Autophagy. (D) Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. (E) The deposition of immune complexes in tissues and small blood vessels.

15. What is immunotherapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells? (A) Modification of T cells to proliferate at a higher rate (B) Modification of T cells to recognize and avoid destruction of host cells (C) Modification of T cells to recognize and destroy cancer cells more effectively (D) Modification of T cells to stimulate B-cell antibody production (E) Modification of T cells to resist apoptosis

16. The stages of B-cell development occur in the chronological order. The stages involved during the development include a, b, c, d, e stages as follows. a, early pro-B cell b. large pre-B cell c. immature B cell d. late pro-B cell e. small pre-B cellWhich order is CORRECT? (A) a→b→c→d→e (B)ab-d→e→c (C) a→e→b→d→c (D) a→d→b→e→c (E)a→d→e→b→c

17, A single IgG antibody is composed of unique peptide sequences totaling ~600 700 amino acids. Using this estimate, the predicted molecular weight of an antibody protein would be ~70-75 kDa. However, an intact antibody protein has a molecular weight of ~150 kDa. Which statement is CORRECT? (A) IgG antibodies are produced as dimers of two identical IgG monomers. (B) Each IgG antibody is a complex of two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains. (C) IgG antibodies tend to aggregate together during purification, thereby distorting molecular weight estimates. (D) Each IgG antibody is a complex of four identical polypeptides. (E) IgG antibodies have many heavier amino acids in them than most other proteins.

18. Figure A shows antibodies bound to repetitive epitopes on the surface of a bacterial pathogen. Even though all of these epitopes are identical, not all of them have antibodies bound to them.Which statement is CORRECT to explain why some of the antibodies fail to bind to every possible epitope on the surface of the pathogen? (A) There is an insufficient amount of antibody to saturate all the epitopes. (B) The pathogen has an immune evasion strategy to avoid antibody binding to all epitopes. (C) Some of the epitopes cannot bind antibody due to steric hindrance. (D) The antibodies are only able to bind when both antigen-binding sites are engaged on the pathogen surface. (E) The epitopes on the pathogen are not all in the same conformation, so not all will bind the same antibody.

19. IgM is particularly efficient at fixing complement Because it ______.(A) is a much larger antibody than the other isotypes (B) has an extra CH domain (C) is made first in an immune response and therefore has first access to Clq (D) has five binding sites for Clq (E) has easy access to extravascular areas.

20. Which one of the following antibodies does NOT activate the classical pathway of complement? (A) IgM (B) IgGl (C) IgD (D) IgG3 (E) IgG2a.

21. A primary focus forms after a circulating naive B cell forms a conjugate pair with ______ in the medullary cords of a lymph node, whereas a secondary focus of B-cell expansion creates the . ______. (A) TH1 cell； Plasma cells (B) Cytotoxic T cell； T-cell zone (C) Follicular dendritic cell (FDC)； Germinal center (D) Follicular helper T cells (TFH)； Germinal center (E) CD40 ligand； T-cell zone.

22.  ______is a mechanism that drives the preferential selection of immunoglobulins with the highest affinity for antigen. (A) Gene rearrangement (B) Isotype-switching (C) Affinity maturation (D) Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (E) Apoptosis.

23. The evolution of the influenza virus that causes global pandemics of severe disease is referred as ______. (A) Serotype-specific immunity (B) Gene conversion (C) Antigenic drift (D) Antigenic shift (E) Latency

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