14. The conversion of N₂ into ammonia is called:
(A) nitrogen reduction.
(B) nitrate reduction.
(C) nitrogen assimilation.
(D) denitrification.
(E) nitrogen fixation.

15. Which of the following about chloroplasts and mitochondria is incorrect? (A) They are of the appropriate size to be the descendants of bacteria. (B) They contain circular DNA not associated with histones. (C) They contain their own genome and produce all proteins they need. (D) Their ribosomes are more similar to those of bacteria than to those of eukaryotes. (E) Their membranes have enzymes and transport systems that resemble those in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes.

16. What is the appropriate order for oxidation of glucose to CO2, H2O and ATP? 1. convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA 2. electron-transport chain 3. citric acid cycle 4. oxidative-phosphorylation 5. glycolysis (A) 51324 (B) 35142 (C) 14523 (D) 31425 (E) 41352

17. If we use as a radioactive tracer to track the carbon transition, which one of the following molecule could be incorporated in the last reaction of Calvin cycle? (A) Glucose (B) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) (C) Ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) (D) 1,3-biphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) (E) 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG)

複選題18. Which of the following statements is true? (A) In Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants, carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle occur in the same cells at different times. The Calvin cycle of CAM plants occurs during the night, so that the Calvin cycle is also named the dark reaction. (B) Pineapples are CAM plants. (C) For C4 plants, the Calvin cycle is mainly carried out in the mesophyll cells. (D) C4 plants are less resistant to drought than C3 plants. (E) Photorespiration occurs when stomata of C3 plants are fully open during the day.

複選題19. Which one of the following organism contain endosymbiont organelles? 1. Chlamydomonas, 2. Euglenids, 3. Red algae, 4. Green algae, 5. Cabbage, 6. Corn (A) 1,2 (B) 3,4 (C) 5,6 (D) 3,4,5,6 (E) 1,2,3,4,5,6

20. Which of the following plant hormone helps plants to adapt with environmental stresses? (A) Auxin (B) Cytokinin (C) Ethylene (D) Abscisic acid (E) Gibberellins

複選題21. If a long-day plant has a critical night length of 11 hours, which of the 24-hour cycles would prevent flowering? (A) 16 hours light/8 hours dark (B) 12 hours light/12 hours dark (C) 15 hours light/9 hours dark (D) 4 hours light/8 hours dark/4 hours light/8 hours dark (E) 8 hours light/8 hours dark/light flash/8 hours dark

22. Given the parents AABBCc × AabbCc, assume simple dominance for each trait and independent assortment. What proportion of the progeny will be expected to phenotypically resemble the first parent (AABBCC)? (A) 1/8 (B) 1/4 (C) 3/8 (D) 3/4 (E) 1

23. If a DNA segment has the base sequence TGACTCAAGCTT, then the anticodons of the tRNA molecules that bind to the mRNA transcribed from that sequence would be: (A) ACU, GAG, UUC, GAA. (B) TGA, CTC, AAG, CTT. (C) UGA, CUC, AAG, CUU. (D) UG, AC, UC, AA, GC, UU. (E) UGAC, UCAA, GCUU.

24. A common ancestor with dark green leaves has given rise to four species, G, H, I, and J. G, H, and I have dark leaves； J has mottled leaves. A classification scheme has included G, H, and I but omitted J. This classification scheme would be considered to be: (A) paraphyletic. (B) monophyletic. (C) polyphyletic. (D) semiphyletic. (E) orthophyletic.

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