14. The essential enzyme for the C4 pathway is

(A)ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase:oxygenase

(B)phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase

(C)ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase

(D)glyoxylate oxygenase

(E) none of these

15. How do uncoupling agents affect the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation?(A)They block the flow of electrons, so protons aren't pumped, and ATP synthesis ceases.(B)They remove electrons from the chain, so less protons are pumped, and ATP synthesis decreases.(C)They block the flow of protons through the ATP synthase, so ATP synthesis ceases. Electron flow and proton pumping arealso halted as a result.(D)They provide an alternative path for protons to re-enter the mitochondrial matrix, so ATP synthesis decreases. Electron flowand proton pumping are not affected.

16. Which of the following statements about sterols is true?(A)Cholesterol is the principal sterol in fungi.(B)Sterols are found in the membranes of all living cells.(C) Sterols are soluble in water, but less so in organic solvents such as chloroform.(D)All sterols share a fused-ring structure with four rings.(E) The principal sterol of animal cells is ergosterol.

17. An example of a glycerophospholipid that is involved in cell signaling is:(A) arachidonic acid. (B) ceramide. (C) testosterone. (D) phosphatidylinositol. (E) vitamin A (retinol).

18.The inner membrane of mitochondria is about 75% lipid and 25% protein by weight. How many molecules of membrane lipid are there for each molecule of protein? (Assume that the average protein is Mr 50,000 and the average lipid is 750.)  (A) 10 (B) 100 (C) 150(D) 200(E) 1000

19. Which ofthe following is the source of the two carbon fragments in fatty acids biosynthesis?(A) acetyl CoA (B) malonyl CoA (C) palmitic acid (D) propionyl CoA (E) ceramides

20 Glutamine synthetase converts to whereas glutamate synthase converts to(A)formate; glutamine; ammonia; glutamate(B)glutamate; glutamine; a-ketoglutarate; glutamate(C)asparagine; glutamine; a-ketoglutarate; glutamate(D)a-ketoglutarate; glutamine; oxaloacetic acid; glutamate(E) a-ketoglutarate; glutamine; a-ketoglutarate; glutamate

1. Which of the following monosaccharides is NOT an aldose? (A) Erythrose (B) Fructose (C) Glucose (D) Glyceraldehyde (E) Ribose

2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of carbohydrates in cells? (A) They serve as energy stores in both plants and animals. (B) They are major structural components of plant tissues. (C) They act as binding sites for proteins. (D) They are organic catalysts. (E) They play a role in cell-cell recognition.

3. Which of the following statements about the pentose phosphate pathway is correct? (A) It generates 36 moles of ATP per mole of glucose consumed. (B) It generates 6 moles of CO₂ for each mole of glucose consumed (C) It provides precursors for the synthesis of nucleotides. (D) It is present in plants, but not in animals. (E) It is a reductive pathway; it consumes NADH.

4. Which of the following contributes to the structural rigidity of cellulose? (A) Adjacent glucose polymers are stabilized by hydrogen bonding. (B) Glucose residues are joined by a-1,4 linkages. (C) Cellulose is a highly branched molecule. (D) The conformation of the glucose polymer is a coiled structure. (E) Adjacent glucose polymers are covalently linked by short peptides.

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