19. Which ofthe following is the source of the two carbon fragments in fatty acids biosynthesis?
(A) acetyl CoA
(B) malonyl CoA
(C) palmitic acid
(D) propionyl CoA
(E) ceramides

1. When mitochondria are actively carrying out aerobic respiration(A)the pH of the matrix is greater than the pH of the intermembrane space.(B)the pH of the matrix is less than the pH of the intermembrane space.(C)the pH ofthe matrix is about the same as the pH of the intermembrane space.(D)the pH of the matrix versus the intermembrane space has nothing to do with whether not aerobic respiration is occurring.

2. The fate of pyruvate produced during glycolysis depends primarily on the availability of(A)NAD+ to keep the pathway going.(B)molecular oxygen.(C)ADP for conversion to ATP.(D)coenzyme A for further metabolism of pyruvate.(E)phosphoric acid for the synthesis of ATP.

3. In humans, pyruvate can be converted to(A)acetyl-CoA only.(B)lactate only.(C)ethanol only.(D)acetyl-CoA and lactate.

4. The phosphorylation of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate(A)is so strongly exergonic that it does not require a catalyst.(B)is an exergonic reaction not coupled to any other reaction.(C)is an endergonic reaction that takes place because it is coupled to the exergonic hydrolysis of ATP.(D)is an exergonic reaction that is coupled to the endergonic hydrolysis of ATP.

5. Which of the following is not a component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?(A)pyruvate dehydrogenase(B)dihydrolipoyl transacetylase(C)dihydrolipoył dehydrogenase(D)pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase(E) aconitase

6. The key element at the center of chlorophyll is(A)chlorine.(B)copper.(C)iron.(D)magnesium.(E) manganese.

7. The terminal electron acceptor during the light phase of photosynthesis in green plants is(A)Hydrogen (H2→ H2О).(B)NAD+(→ NADH).(C)NADP+ (→ NADPH).(D)Oxygen (O2→ H2O).(E) Sulfur (→ H2S).

8. Which group of small molecules best fit the boxes associated with the reaction shown?(A)I(B)II(C)III(D)IV

9. Which of the following statements is true of the glycolytic pathway?(A)Each reaction in the glycolytic pathway is catalyzed by a single enzyme, acetyl CoA dehydrogenase.(B)In each reaction in the pathway, one molecule of ATP is hydrolyzed for each molecule of glucose that is metabolized.(C)In each reaction in the glycolytic pathway, two NADP molecules are released that make coupled exergonic reactionspossible.(D)Each reaction has a net gain of three ATP molecules for each glucose molecule processed in glycolysis.

10. Which of the reactions of the citric acid cycle requires FAD as a coenzyme?(A)the conversion of isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate(B)the conversion of citrate to isocitrate(C)the conversion of succinate to fumarate(D)the conversion of malate to oxaloacetate(E) none of these

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