14. The opening and closing of stomata are mainly controlled by changes in turgor pressure within the guard cells. When stomata are about to open, which of the following ion transport events occurs first in the guard cells?
(A) Potassium ions (K⁺) are actively pumped out of the cell.
(B) Hydrogen ions (H⁺) are actively pumped out of the cell, establishing a membrane potential.
(C) Calcium ions (Ca²⁺) flood into the cell, directly activating aquaporins.
(D) Chloride ions (Cl⁻) are actively pumped out of the cell.

15. Regarding plant responses to environmental stress, which of the following hormones is synthesized in large amounts during drought stress to induce stomatal closure and reduce water loss? (A) Gibberellins (B) Salicylic acid (C) Jasmonic acid (D) Abscisic acid

16. Many plants synthesize secondary metabolites to defend against herbivores. Which class of secondary metabolites contains nitrogen in its chemical structure and often has strong physiological effects on the animal nervous system (e.g., caffeine, nicotine)? (A) Terpenoids (B) Phenolics (C) Alkaloids (D) Flavonoids

17. Regarding plant cell walls and supporting tissues, which of the following statements is correct? (A) Sclerenchyma usually contains living protoplasts at maturity. (B) Collenchyma has unevenly thickened primary cell walls, providing flexible support for growing organs. (C) Lignin primarily accumulates in the primary cell wall of plants. (D) Fibers are considered a type of collenchyma.

18. In plant symbiotic relationships, mycorrhizae and root nodules primarily assist the plant in absorbing which nutrients from the soil, respectively? (A) Mycorrhizae: Nitrogen; Root nodules: Phosphorus (B) Mycorrhizae: Phosphorus; Root nodules: Nitrogen (C) Both primarily assist in absorbing potassium (D) Both primarily assist in absorbing calcium

19. Regarding the cellular specialization and physiological adaptation of cyanobacteria, some filamentous cyanobacteria differentiate into which of the following specialized cells to perform nitrogen fixation while simultaneously carrying out photosynthesis? (These cells maintain a low-oxygen internal environment by lacking Photosystem II). (A) Akinete (B) Heterocyst (C) Endospore (D) Vegetative cell

20. Plants can also generate action potentials similar to those in animals for rapid responses, such as the closing of a Venus flytrap. This change in electrical potential is primarily driven by the transmembrane movement of which two ions? (A) Sodium (Na⁺) and Potassium (K⁺) (B) Calcium (Ca²⁺) and Potassium (K⁺) (C) Chloride (Cl⁻) and Hydrogen (H⁺) (D) Magnesium (Mg²⁺) and Sodium (Na⁺)

21. Regarding the seed structure of gymnosperms, what is the origin and ploidy of the "endosperm" that provides nutrients for embryo development? (A) Produced by double fertilization, triploid (3n) (B) Developed from maternal sporophyte tissue, diploid (2n) (C) Developed from female gametophyte tissue, haploid (1n) (D) Developed from male gametophyte tissue, haploid (1n)

22. In the transport mechanism of vascular plants, "phloem loading" often requires energy. By what mechanism do companion cells primarily transport sucrose against its concentration gradient into the cell? (A) Using an ATP-driven sucrose uniporter (B) Relying on a Na⁺/sucrose symporter (C) Using an H⁺/sucrose symporter driven by a proton (H⁺) gradient (D) Through osmotic traction by aquaporins

23. When a plant grows in the shade of other plants, it exhibits the "shade avoidance syndrome," which promotes rapid internode elongation. This occurs because of what change in the environmental light spectrum? (A) The proportion of blue light increases, activating cryptochromes. (B) The Red/Far-red (R/FR) ratio decreases, leading to a reduction in the physiologically active Pfr form of phytochrome. (C) Ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation increases, destroying auxin. (D) The Red/Far-red (R/FR) ratio increases, leading to an increase in the Pr form of phytochrome.

24. During cellular respiration in plant cells, where does the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) occur? (A) Mitochondrial matrix (B) Inner mitochondrial membrane (C) Cytosol (D) Chloroplast stroma

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