14. Which Maxwell relation is correct?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

15. A rate constant k1 increases from 1.2 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹ at 300 K to 4.8 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹ at 330 K. Assuming Arrhenius behavior, the activation energy Ea is closest to: (A) 9.5 kJ mol⁻¹ (B) 19 kJ mol⁻¹ (C) 38 kJ mol⁻¹ (D) 76 kJ mol⁻¹ (E) 150 kJ mol⁻¹

16. For the reaction A ⇌ B, the equilibrium constant is K1 = 2.0 at T1 = 300 K and K2 = 8.0 at T2 = 330 K. Assume ΔH° is temperature-independent over this range. Using the Van't Hoff equation, what is ΔH° (closest value)? (A) −20 kJ mol⁻¹ (B) −10 kJ mol⁻¹ (C) +10 kJ mol⁻¹ (D) +20 kJ mol⁻¹ (E) +40 kJ mol⁻¹

17. Which of the following statements concerning laboratory safety is INCORRECT? (A) Safety goggles should be worn at all times in the laboratory. (B) Chemical waste should be disposed of according to laboratory regulations. (C) Concentrated acids should be diluted by adding water to acid. (D) Safety data sheets (SDS) provide important information about chemical hazards. (E) Spilled chemicals should be cleaned up immediately following proper procedures.

18. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? (A) The number 1200 has two significant figures. (B) The Q test is used to determine whether a suspected data point is an outlier in a small data set. (C) Assuming a solution density of approximately 1.0 g/mL, 200 ppb Hg²⁺ is equivalent to 1.0 μM Hg²⁺. (D) The F test is used to compare the variances of two data sets to determine whether they are significantly different. (E) 0.4 (± 0.01) + 0.2 (± 0.02) + 0.1 (± 0.01) = 0.7 (± 0.04)

19. Which of the following statements concerning the operation of laboratory glassware in analytical experiments is INCORRECT? (A) An effective desiccant maintains a low humidity environment inside the desiccator. (B) The volume of an Eppendorf pipet is set before aspirating the liquid. (C) In water, the bottom of the meniscus should be read at eye level. (D) Volumetric glassware is calibrated at a specific temperature. (E) A buret should be rinsed only with distilled water before titration.

20. Which of the following statements concerning systematic errors and random errors is INCORRECT? (A) Random errors can be reduced by increasing the number of replicate measurements. (B) Systematic errors cause measurement results to be consistently biased in one direction. (C) Systematic errors can be detected and corrected by comparing with an reliable analytical technique. (D) Carbonate formation in standardized NaOH solutions affects only the equilibrium speciation of basic species and therefore does not result in a true systematic error in acid-base titrations. (E) The balance offset is a systematic error, and taring is the calibration step used to remove it.

21. The calibration curve for the determination of nitrate (NO3⁻) in agricultural runoff water using UV-visible spectrophotometry was found to beA = 0.025 × [NO3⁻] + 0.080where A is the absorbance measured at 220 nm and the nitrate concentration is expressed in μM. The reagent blank produced an absorbance of 0.060 ± 0.010. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? (A) According to the Beer-Lambert law, increasing the optical path length of the cuvette enhances absorbance sensitivity for a given analyte concentration. (B) 0.080 represents the background absorbance arising from the reagent blank and the sample matrix. (C) The coefficient of determination (R²) can be greater than 1 when the calibration data show excellent linearity. (D) The relative standard deviation of the reagent blank measurement is 16.7%. (E) The limit of detection (LOD; signal to noise = 3) estimated from the blank standard deviation is 1.2 μM.

22. Which of the following statements concerning titration is INCORRECT? (A) During the titration of a weak acid with a strong base, the pH at the half-equivalence point is equal to the pKa of the acid. (B) In complexometric titrations, the conditional formation constant of the metal-EDTA complex depends on the solution pH. (C) Iodine acts as a strong oxidizing agent in acidic, neutral, and basic media and is commonly used as a primary standard without further purification. (D) In the Mohr method, potassium chromate is used as an indicator, and the titration must be carried out under slightly alkaline conditions. (E) The addition of ammonia in the EDTA titration of Zn²⁺ is to prevent the precipitation of Zn(OH)2.

23. Which of the following statements concerning amperometry and voltammetry is INCORRECT? (A) All working electrodes share the same oxidation and reduction potential window, which is determined solely by the electrolyte. (B) In amperometric measurements, maintaining a constant applied potential allows selective monitoring of a specific redox reaction over time. (C) Under diffusion-controlled conditions, the peak current in cyclic voltammetry is proportional to the square root of the scan rate. (D) Pulse and differential pulse voltammetric techniques are designed to minimize charging current while enhancing faradaic current. (E) Faradaic current in voltammetry is limited by mass transport via diffusion, migration, and convection.

24. Which of the following statements concerning potentiometry is INCORRECT? (A) In a pH meter, the pH is determined by measuring the absolute electrical potential of an indicator electrode (B) The pH electrode uses a thin glass membrane that allows H⁺ ions to pass through (C) Potentiometric measurements are based on a two-electrode configuration consisting of an indicator electrode and a reference electrode. (D) A high-impedance voltmeter is required to avoid drawing current during potentiometric measurements. (E) The reference electrode provides a stable and reproducible potential.

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