14. Which of the following statements about the van der Waals equation is incorrect?
(P+■)(V-□)=nRT
(A) The van der Waals equation describes the behavior of real gases.
(B) ■ =n²a/V² and is used to compensate for the attraction force bctwecn gas molecules.
(C) □= nb and is used to correct the volume of real gases.
(D) ■is negative for most gases.
(E)□  is positive for most gases.

1. One mole of an ideal gas undergoes an isothermal reversible expansion at 300 K. During this process, the system absorbs 450 J of heat from the surroundings. When this gas is compressed to the initial state in one step isothermally, twice as much work is done on the system as was performed on the surroundings during the expansion. Which of the following statements about these processes are correct?I. for the one-step isothermal compression is 1.5 J/K. II. for the one-step isothermal compression is 3.0 J/K. III. for the reversible isothermal expansion is zero. IV. for the overall process (expansion and compression) is zero. V. for the overall process (expansion and compression) is -1.5 J/K. (A)I,II (B)Ⅱ,Ⅲ(C)Ⅱ,Ⅲ,IV(D)Ⅱ，Ⅲ，V (E)I,IV,V

2. Which of the following statements about ligands, d-block metals, and coordination complexes is correct? (A) The cyanate ion (OCN' can have three different Lewis structures, in which all the N atoms have the same formal charge. (B) Zinc is a component of vitamin, which is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. (C) [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ has cis-trans isomers, and the cis isomer is optically active. (D) [Cr(en)(NH3)2l2]+(en = ethylenediamine) has three geometrical isomers. (E) The octahedral complexes are more appropriate than the octahedral complexes to be used to determine the field strength of a ligand.

3. Consider 1.0 mole of an ideal gas contained in a 2.0 L bulb at 27℃. This bulb is connected to a 10.0 L sealed, initially evacuated bulb via a valve. When the valve is opened, the temperature is assumed to remain constant. Which of the following statements is incorrect? (gas constant R = ) (A) The final pressure at equilibrium will be 2.1 atm. (B) The enthalpy change (△H) for this process is zero. (C) This is a spontaneous process. (D) Work does not occur during the expansion of this gas. (E) The driving force for this process to occur is an increase in the internal energy.

4. Compound X, like most substances, exhibits only three phases: solid, liquid, and vapor. The triple point of X is at 90 torr and 115 ℃. Which of the following statements concerning the liquid and gaseous X is correct? (A) X(I) cannot exist at 1 atmosphere pressure.(B) X(I) cannot exist above 115℃. (C) X(g) cannot exist below 115 ℃. (D) X(I) cannot have a vapor pressure greater than 90 torr. (E) X(l) cannot exist at a pressure of 15 torr.

5. Given the following half-reactions and associated standard reduction potentials: Calculate the standard reduction potential for the following half-reaction:(A)-0.23V (B) -0.46 V (C) -0.85 (D) -1.23 V (E) -1.70 V

6. How many of the following statements are correct? I. All the group 13 elements are metals. II. Alkaline earth metals react less vigorously with water than do alkali metals. III. Salts can consist of hydrogen. IV. Because Li has a more negative standard reduction potential than Na and K, it reacts most quickly with water among these three alkali metals. V. BeO is amphoteric. (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5

7. Given the following eleven gascous molecules:Which of the following statements about these molecules is correct? (A) There are six molecules with all their atoms lying in the same plane. (B) Same hybridized orbitals are used by the N atoms in NF3 and NO3. (C) Both TeF4 and KrF4 are nonpolar molecules. (D) All the C-atoms in the four carbon-containing molecules use sp2 hybridized orbital. (E) Both H2O2 and NO2 exhibit resonance.

8. Ammonium benzoate is a salt formed from ammonia (NH3) and benzoic acid (C6H5COOH). Calculate the pH of a 0.10 M solution of ammonium benzoate at 25 ℃. (Ka = 6.4 x for C6H5COOH, Kb = 1.8 x for NH3； log2 = 0.301； 10g3 = 0.477； log7 = 0.845) (A) 4.74(B) 5.96 (C) 6.73 (D) 7.28 (E) 8.04

9. Yellow phosphorus (P4) undergoes disproportionation in NaOH(aq) to produce PH3 and NaH2PO2. If 16.0 g of P4 was used in the reaction, how many grams of P4 would behave as the oxidizing agent? (atomic weight of P = 31 u)(A) 12.0 g (B) 10.0 g (C) 8.0 g (D) 6.4 g (E) 4.0g 

10. Consider the titration of 50.0 mL of 0.100 M NaH2PO4(aq) with 0.100 M NaOH(aq). For H3 PO4, = 7.5 x . Three pH values during the titration are listed as follows. (1) Before the addition of NaOH(aq), the pH is x. (2) After the addition of 25.0 mL NaOH(aq), the pH is y. (3) After the addition of 50.0 mL NaOH(aq), the pH is z. Which of the following statements about x, y, and z is correct? (log2 = 0.301,10g3 = 0.477,log5=0.699) (A)x＜4,y＞7(B)x>4，z>10 (C)y＞7,z＜10(D)y＞8,z＞9 

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