16. A mixture of solid NaCl and CaCl₂ contains 10.0 g of NaCl, and an unknown amount of CaCl₂. When the entire mixture is dissolved in 1.00 kg of water, the boiling point changes by 0.25 °C. What mass of CaCl₂ was in the original mixture? Kb for water is 0.512 K·kg mol⁻¹.
(A) 5.4 g
(B) 8.1 g
(C) 35.2 g
(D) 21.6 g
(E) 17.6 g

Iron oxide can be reduced to iron by a reaction with carbon to form carbon monoxideFe₂O₃(s) + 3C(s) → 2Fe(s) + 3CO(g) If 95.0 grams of iron oxide is reacted with excess carbon yields 63.0 g of iron, what is the percent yield of this reaction? (A) 100% (B) 95% (C) 66% (D) 59%

 2. The Lewis structure for H₃BO₃ is (A)(B)(C)(D) (E)

3. The energy expressions for the electrons in the He⁺ ion and the hydrogen atom areEn (H) = -a/n² and En (He⁺) = -4a/n² Which of the following statements is(are) correct? I. For the transitions n₁ → n₂, the frequency is larger for H than for He⁺. II. The first ionization energy of the H atom is smaller than the second ionization energy of the He atom. III. The 1s orbital in He⁺ is larger (in the sense that the probability density is shifted outward) than the 1s orbital in H. (A) I only (B) II only (C) III only (D) I and II only E) I, II, and III

4. One mole of an ideal gas at 25°C is expanded isothermally from 5.0 L to 10.0 L under such conditions that no work is produced in the surroundings. Which statement is correct? (A)△Sgas = 0 (B) △Sgas = Rln2/298 (C) △Suniv = 0 (D)△Ssurr = 0 (E)△Sgas =△Ssurr

5. Which of the following statements is true? (A) We can determine the exact location of an electron if we know its energy. (B) An electron in a 2s orbital can have the same n, l, and mℓ quantum numbers as an electron in a 3s orbital. (C) Ni has 2 unpaired electrons in its 3d orbitals. (D) In the building up of atoms, electrons occupy the 4f orbitals before the 6s orbitals. (E) Only three quantum numbers are needed to uniquely describe an electron.

6. A strip of copper is placed in a 1 M solution of copper nitrate, and a strip of silver is placed in a 1 M solution of silver nitrate. The two metal strips are connected to a voltmeter by wires, and a salt bridge connects the solutions. The following standard reduction potentials apply:  Ag⁺(aq) + e⁻ → Ag(s) E° = +0.80 V Cu²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻ → Cu(s) E° = +0.34 V When the voltmeter is removed and the two electrodes are connected by a wire, which of the following does not take place? (A) Electrons flow in the external circuit from the copper electrode to the silver electrode. (B) The silver electrode increases in mass as the cell operates. (C) There is a net general movement of silver ions through the salt bridge to the copper half-cell. (D) Negative ions pass through the salt bridge from the silver half-cell to the copper half-cell. (E) Some positive copper ions pass through the salt bridge from the copper half-cell to the silver half-cell.

7. Consider the molecular-orbital energy-level diagrams for O₂ and NO. Which of the following is true? I. Both molecules are paramagnetic. II. The bond strength of O₂ is greater than the bond strength of NO. III. NO is an example of a homonuclear diatomic molecule. IV. The ionization energy of NO is smaller than the ionization energy of NO⁺. (A) I only (B) I and II only (C) I and IV(D) II and III (E) I, II, and IV

【已刪除】8. The reaction 2NO → N₂ + O₂ has the following rate law:   After a period of 2.0 × 10³ s, the concentration of NO falls from an initial value of 2.8 × 10⁻³ mol/L to 2.0 × 10⁻⁴ mol/L. What is the rate constant, k? (A) 7.2 × 10⁻² M⁻¹/s (B) 1.7 × 10⁴ M⁻²/s (C) 4.0 × 10⁴ M⁻²/s (D) 4.0 × 10⁻⁷ M⁻¹/s (E) 3.6 × 10⁻² M⁻¹/s

9. The following data were collected for the decay of HO₂ radicals. Which of the following statements is true? (A) The decay of HO₂ occurs by a first-order process. (B) The half-life of the reaction is 2 ms. (C) A plot of ln[HO₂] versus time is linear with a slope of -k. (D) The rate of the reaction increases with time. (E) A plot of 1/[HO₂] versus time gives a straight line.

10. Which of the following best describes the lanthanide contraction? (A) f-orbitals are more directional than d-orbitals and therefore less effective at screening nuclear charge (B) f-orbitals are more diffuse than d-orbitals and therefore less effective at screening nuclear charge (C) the increase in atomic and ionic radii as one goes from left to right across the lanthanides (D) a and c (E) b and c

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