16. Which is correct?
(A) The pH of a strong acid solution is always lower than the pH of a weak acid solution.
(B) The equilibrium constants must be the same at different conditions, including different volumes, pressures, and temperatures.
(C) HF is dangerous because it is a strong acid.
(D) HCN is safe because it is a weak acid.
(E) 10-6 M hydrochloric acid is still considered as a strong acid.

17. Which is correct? (A) When the concentrations of the reactants and products of a given chemical reaction remain unchanged, the system is at chemical equilibrium. (B) There are infinite equilibrium positions at equilibrium. (C) For an endothermic reaction, the reaction will shift to right when decreasing temperature. (D) In exothermic reactions, the reactants have lower potential energy than the products. (E) An exothermic reaction usually occurs more quickly than an endothermic reaction.

18. For a reaction in a voltaic cell, both ΔH° and ΔS° are positive. Which of the following statements is true? (A) E°cell will increase with an increase in temperature. (B) E°cell will decrease with an increase in temperature. (C) E°cell will not change when the temperature increases. (D) ΔG° > 0 for all temperatures. (E) None of the above statements is true.

19. Which of the following is the best reducing agent? Cl2 + 2e– → 2Cl– E° = 1.36 V Mg2+ + 2e– → Mg E° = –2.37 V 2H+ + 2e– → H2 E° = 0.00 V (A) Cl- (B) Cl2 (C) H2 (D) Mg (E) Mg2+

20. Which substance can be described as cations bonded together by mobile electrons? (A) S8(s) (B) Ag(s) (C) Kr(l) (D) HCl(l) (E) KCl(s)

21. Rate constants are dependent upon (A) the temperature (B) the orientation of the collision (C) the frequency of collisions (D) the activation energy (E) all of the above

22. The reaction A → B + C is known to be zero order in A with a rate constant of 5.2 × 10–2 mol/L • s at 25° C. An experiment was run at 25°C where [A]0 = 3.2 × 10–3 M. What is the half-life for the reaction? (A) 1.3× 101 s (B) 2.6× 10–2 s (C) 8.3× 10–2 s (D) 6.0× 104 s (E) 3.1× 10–2 s

23. An electron is trapped in a one-dimensional box. Which box has the lowest ground-state energy? (A) The length of the box is 1 μm. (B) The length of the box is 100 nm. (C) The length of the box is 10-9 m. (D) All have the same ground-state energy. (E) The information is insufficient to decide.

24. A certain substance has the phase diagram shown below. At which of the following values of T and P is the substance a pure liquid? (A) T = 70°C, P = 1.2 atm (B) T = 10°C, P = 1 atm (C) T = 8°C, P = 1 atm (D) T = 10°C, P = 0.5 atm (E) T = 80°C, P = 1 atm

25. Place the following atoms and ions in order of decreasing size: Sc³⁺, Ca²⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, S²⁻. (A) S²⁻ > Cl⁻ > K⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Sc³⁺ (B) Cl⁻ > S²⁻ > K⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Sc³⁺ (C) K⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Sc³⁺ > Cl⁻ > S²⁻ (D) S²⁻ > K⁺ > Cl⁻ > Ca²⁺ > Sc³⁺ (E) Cl⁻ > K⁺ > S²⁻ > Ca²⁺ > Sc³⁺

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