16. Which of the following does not occur during the Calvin cycle?
(A) carbon fixation
(B) oxidation of NADPH
(C) release of oxygen
(D) regeneration of the CO₂ acceptor

17. CAM plants keep stomata closed in the daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they_________. (A) fix CO2 into organic acids during the night (B) fix CO2 into sugars in the bundle-sheath cells (C) fix CO2 into pyruvate in the mesophyll cells (D) use photosystem I and photosystem II at night

18. Which of the following events occurs during interphase of the cell cycle? (A) condensation of the chromosomes (B) separation of the spindle poles (C) spindle formation (D) replication of the DNA

19. Movement of the chromosomes during anaphase would be most affected by a drug that prevents which of the following events in mitosis and cell division? (A) nuclear envelope breakdown (B) elongation of microtubules (C) shortening of microtubules (D) formation of a cleavage furrow

20. Genetic variation leads to genetic diversity in populations and is the raw material for evolution. Biological systems have multiple processes, such as reproduction, that affect genetic variation. They are evolutionarily conserved and shared by various organisms. Which of the following statements best represents the connection between reproduction and evolution? (A) Plants that use sexual reproduction are rare since this type of reproduction in plants does not contribute to genetic diversity. (B) In order to increase genetic diversity for evolution in sexually reproducing organisms, mutations must occur in the zygote after fertilization. (C) Since prokaryotic organisms reproduce asexually, there is no mechanism for them to add genetic diversity for evolution. (D) Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation because random mutations can be shuffled between organisms.

21. Crossing over of chromosomes normally takes place during which of the following processes? (A) meiosis II (B) meiosis I (C) mitosis (D) mitosis and meiosis II

複選題22. Marfan syndrome in humans is caused by an abnormality of the connective tissue protein fibrillin. Patients are usually very tall and thin, with long spindly fingers, curvature of the spine, sometimes weakened arterial walls, and sometimes eye problems, such as lens dislocation. Which of the following would you conclude about Marfan syndrome from this information? (A) It is recessive. (B) It is dominant. (C) It is pleiotropic. (D) It is epistatic.

23. Radish flowers may be red, purple, or white. A cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant yields all-purple offspring. The flower color trait in radishes is an example of which of the following inheritance patterns? (A) a multiple allelic system (B) sex linkage (C) codominance (D) incomplete dominance

24. One possible result of chromosomal breakage is for a fragment to join a nonhomologous chromosome. What is this type of chromosomal alteration called? (A) deletion (B) inversion (C) translocation (D) duplication

25. The elongation of the leading strand during DNA synthesis (A) progresses away from the replication fork. (B) occurs in the 3' → 5' direction. (C) produces Okazaki fragments. (D) depends on the action of DNA polymerase.

26. The lagging strand is characterized by a series of short segments of DNA (Okazaki fragments) that will be joined together to form a finished lagging strand. The experiments that led to the discovery of Okazaki fragments gave evidence for which of the following ideas? (A) DNA polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes leading and lagging strands during replication only in one direction. (B) DNA is a polymer consisting of four monomers: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. (C) DNA is the genetic material. (D) Bacterial replication is fundamentally different from eukaryotic replication. The key should not be way longer than the distractors.

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