18. In the long run, what forces a typical firm in a monopolistically competitive industry to earn zero economic profit?
(A)Strict government price regulations that cap profit margins.
(B) The absence of close substitutes, which turns the market into a monopoly.
(C) Collusion among the largest firms to deliberately restrict industry output.
(D) The low barriers to entry, which allow new firms to enter the market when profits exist.

19. Unlike a perfectly competitive firm, why does a profit-maximizing monopolist produce a level of output where the market price is greater than marginal cost (P > MC)? (A) The monopolist's marginal revenue curve lies entirely below its downward-sloping demand curve. (B) The monopolist faces a perfectly elastic demand curve for its unique product. (C) The government forces monopolies to charge higher prices to offset corporate taxes. (D)Monopolists aim to minimize total revenue rather than maximize total profit.

20. Suppose the current nominal exchange rate between the United States and the United Kingdom is 1.50 USD/GBP. According to the theory of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), if over the next year the inflation rate in the United States is 5%, while the inflation rate in the United Kingdom is 2%. Assuming the real exchange rate remains constant, which of the following is the closest estimate for the new nominal exchange rate after one year? (A)1.41 USD/GBP (B)1.46 USD/GBP (C)1.54 USD/GBP (D)1.59 USD/GBP

21. The following table shows two firms in a single-stage duopoly game. Each firm makes its decision without knowledge of the other firm's decision. The payoffs for each firm represent economic profits, and each firm strictly prefers more economic profit than less. This game would be considered a prisoner's dilemma if X is between _______. | | Chloe | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | Low Quantity | High Quantity | | Rocky | Low Quantity | Rocky: $2,500; Chloe: $2,500. | Rocky: $1,000; Chloe: $3,500. | | | High Quantity | Rocky: $3,500; Chloe: $1,000. | Rocky: $X; Chloe: $X. | (A) $0 and $2,500 (B) $1,000 and $2,500 (C) $2,500 and $3,500 (D) $1,000 and $3,500

22. An increase in the price of pork, a substitute for chicken, occurs simultaneously with a significant decrease in the cost of chicken feed. How will these events affect the equilibrium price and quantity of chicken? (A) The equilibrium price will fall, and the equilibrium quantity will rise. (B) The equilibrium price will rise, and the equilibrium quantity will fall. (C) The equilibrium quantity will rise, but the effect on equilibrium price is ambiguous. (D) The equilibrium price will rise, but the effect on equilibrium quantity is ambiguous.

23. If a country's Nominal GDP increases by 8% from one year to the next, while its Real GDP increases by only 3%, what can be concluded about the economy? (A) The price level in the economy increased. (B) The economy experienced a severe recession. (C) Productivity grew faster than the population. (D) The country produced fewer physical goods and services.

24. Which of the following describes a foundational assumption made when constructing a standard Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF)? (A) Resources are perfectly adaptable to producing any type of good without loss of efficiency. (B) The economy produces an unlimited variety of goods and services. (C) The total quantity of available resources and technology remains constant. (D) Consumers and businesses always share resources equally.

25. In the search engine industry, average total costs continue to fall over the entire range of market demand as users expand. In this type of industry, smaller rivals trying to enter the market _______. (A) will easily be able to gain market power. (B) will have much higher average costs. (C) have even lower average costs. (D) face no fixed costs.

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