2. What feature of genetic mutations can eventually lead to the evolution of new species?
(A) Mutations always produce harmful effects.
(B) Mutations never affect protein structure or function.
(C) Mutations are not a mechanism through which biological evolution occurs.
(D) Mutations produce changes in the DNA sequence of a gene.

3. An example of one of the ways a pH buffer helps to maintain homeostasis is to (A) increase the H+ concentration if pH decreases. (B) reduce the H+ concentration if pH decreases. (C) reduce the H+ concentration if pH increases. (D) increase the OH- concentration if pH increases.

4. You have been given vials of H2, Na, H2O, Hg, and CH4. What are the majority of your vials filled with? (A) liquids at room temperature (B) gases (C) molecules (D) carboxyls

5. What structural component makes fat an efficient macromolecule able to store high amounts of energy? (A) A lipid's size is small and can easily be broken, down releasing high amounts of energy. (B) Lipids have many long chains of C-OH bonds, which store high amounts of energy. (C) Fats have long chains of C-H bonds, which store high amounts of energy. (D) The way in which adipose tissues are structured is a way for a high amount of energy to be accessed easily.

6. When placed in an aqueous solution, amphipathic molecules will orient themselves with (A) hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains facing the water and hydrophilic head groups in the middle. (B) hydrophilic hydrocarbon chains facing the water and hydrophobic head groups in the middle. (C) hydrophilic hydrocarbon chains in the middle and hydrophobic head groups facing the water. (D) hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains in the middle and hydrophilic head groups facing the water.

7. The route that most accurately describes secretory protein movement through the endomembrane system would be (A) Golgi apparatus→smooth endoplasmic reticulum →lysosome→vesicles→plasma membrane. (B) plasmid→plasma membrane→nuclear envelope→smooth endoplasmic reticulum→vesicles. (C) nuclear envelope→vesicles→Golgi apparatus→rough endoplasmic reticulum→plasma membrane. (D) rough endoplasmic reticulum→vesicles→ Golgi apparatus→vesicles →plasma membrane.

8. The signal recognition particle (SRP) functions in (A) recognizing an ER signal sequence and binding to an SRP receptor in the ER. (B) binding to a newly translated protein and escorting it to the cell membrane, the cytoplasm, or the Golgi. (C) determining the destination of a vesicle that buds from the Golgi. (D) marking an organelle for destruction by lysosomes.

9. Animal cells are permeable to water and urea but NOT to sucrose. Initially, the inside of a cell contains 1 M sucrose and 1 M urea and the outside 2 M sucrose and 1 M urea. After the system reaches equilibrium, what changes are observed? (A) The molarity of urea would be higher outside than inside the cell. (B) The molarity of sucrose would be similar inside and outside the cell. (C) Water would move out of the cell causing the cell to shrivel. (D) The molarity of sucrose would be similar inside and outside the cell and water would move out of the cell causing the cell to shrivel.

10. The plasma membrane (A) is composed of an extracellular and intracellular layer of phospholipids. (B) has extracellular and intracellular layers or leaflets that are highly symmetrical. (C) uses cholesterol as its primary lipid. (D) contains cellulose.

11. What happens next after the hormone glucagon binds to a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)? (A) The G-protein loses GDP and gains GTP becoming activated. (B) The G-protein loses GTP and gains GDP becoming activated. (C) The G-protein loses GDP and gains GTP becoming inactivated. (D) The G-protein loses GTP and gains GDP becoming inactivated.

12. Epinephrine blocks the contraction of muscles in the airways. Which of the other activities of epinephrine is most likely to be regulated by the same type of pathway? (A) promotes the breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscle cells (B) inhibition of saliva production in salivary glands (C) stimulation of heart muscle cell contraction (D) increased sweating

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