21 . What following metabolite can be found in TCA, gluconeogenesis from pyruvate, and amino acid biosynthesis in human body?
(A) phosphoenolpyruvate
(B) oxaloacetate
(C) a-ketoglutarate
(D)citrate
(E)3-phosphoglycerate

1.Which one of the following reactions is catalyzed by a "transferase"? (A)glucose-6-phosphatc > fructose-6-phosphate (B) glyceraldchyde 3-phosphate + NAD+→ bisphosphoglycerate + NADH (C) fructose-1,6-bisphosphate → dihydroxyacetone phosphate + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (D)fructose-6-phosphate + ATP → fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP (E) dihydroxyacetone phosphate→ glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

2. Which one of the following features regarding "competitive inhibitor" is NOT true? (A) does not change (B) increase in KM (C) binding to the ES complex (D)binding to the active site of an enzyme (E)decrease in / KM

3. The following method is NOT developed for the analysis of mRNA level: (A) Northern blot analysis (B) Sanger's method for cDNA sequencing (C) Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (D)cDNA microarray (E)Next generation sequencing

4. The following characteristics is NOT belonged to the transcriptional regulation of enhancers in eukaryotes: (A) Work when located long distance from the promoter (B)Work when upstream or downstream from the promoter (C) Work when oriented in either direction (D)Work through heterologous promoters (E)Work by binding only one specific transcription factor

5.The following condition is NOT suitable for phage lamda to undergo lytic pathway: (A) Expression of lambda repressor (B) Expression of cro antiterminator (C) Expression of RecA protein (D)Lysogenic pathway is terminated under UV radiation (E) cro protein binds to the promoter OR3 site

6. The following statement is NOT true for the regulation of lactose operon: (A) 1,6-allolactose is a true inducer (B) cI repressor functions as tetramer (C) cI repressor is a diffusible repressor (D)lactose operon is an inducible anabolic operon (E)Under low glucose condition, CAP when bound with cAMP can bind to the upstream lacZ promoter and increase transcription efficiency

7. In the sequence of cytochrome c, the presence of cysteine at position 17 in hundreds of different species indicates that this particular amino acid is: (A) Conserved (B) Mutated (C) Homologous (D)Variable (E) none of the above

8. Of the following proteins that aid in the folding process, which is exclusively involved in the interconversion of cis and trans bonds? (A) prolyl isomerase (B) protein disulfide isomerase (C) Hsp60 (D)Hsp70 (E) GroEL-ES complex

9. Based on the plot of oxygen saturation versus partial pressure of oxygen, which of the following statenents is true?  (A) at oxygen pressure > 100 mm Hg, hemogiobin dissociates into individual subunits so that it is able to bind oxygen similar to myoglobin (B) at typical resting capillary oxygen pressure of ~30 mm Hg, hemoglobin has only 1 of its 4 oxygen binding sites filled while myoglobin is nearly saturated with oxygen (C)under periods of extreme muscle exertion, capillary oxygen pressure can drop to 10 mm Hg, allowing release of ~90% of oxygen carried by hemoglobin (D) the structure of hemoglobin allows for complete release of oxygen in capillary beds at all times (E) none of the above

10. Why do individuals who are heterozygous for sickle cell anemia have a resistance to malaria? (A) formation of hemoglobin aggregates makes red blood cells impervious to parasitic infection (B) shortened life span of red blood cells does not allow sufficient time for the parasite to mature in the red blood cell (C)diminished blood flow to the skin as a result of sickled red blood cells blocking capillaries prevents mosquitoes from actually transferring the malaria parasite to individuals (D)X sickle cell hemoglobin fibers have both decreased O2 and CO2 carrying capacity; since CO2 is a mosquito attractant, diminished CO2 exhalation does not attract mosquitoes (E)r none of the above

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