22. Which level of protein structure is stabilized mainly by hydrogen bonding?
(A)primary structure
(B)secondary structure
(C)quaternary structure
(D)Hydrogen bonding does not markedly affect the protein structure.

23. In the case of thioredoxin activation, which of the following sequences would be most disrupted?(A)Cys-Leu-Val-Tyr-Tyr-Thr(B)Val-Leu-Leu-Cys-Thr-Thr(C)Tyr-Cys-Cys-Thr-Val-Leu(D)All the peptides above would be equally affected

24. When we talk about “denaturation” in protein structure, what would be the best definition?(A)It happens primarily due to the changes in primary structure(B)It occurs due to the bindings of toxic compounds(C)It happens due to the disruption of non-covalent bonds(D)It happens due to the disruption of covalent bonds

25. The end product of an enzymatic reaction attenuates the formation of the product in an earlier step. What would be the best term to describe this enzymatic regulation?(A)feedback inhibition(B)non-competitive inhibition(C)allosteric regulation(D)competitive inhibition

26. A research group at NCHU has isolated “Protein S” from the wall of a human stomach. In order to learn how to synthesize stomach tissues in the lab, the researchers determined the sequences of amino acids of Protein S and created a functional mRNA template to translate Protein S in vitro. After several attempts, they were able to translate a correct copy of the polypeptide chain in the lab, however, it took several days for the protein to fold into its native structure. The scientists observed that many copies of Protein S were folded from polypeptide chains every minute in vivo. What is NOT a possible explanation for this difference in folding times?(A)The temperature in vitro is too low(B)The in vitro study lacks a functional tRNA molecule(C)The pH in vitro is too high(D)There is no key enzyme in the in vitro study

27. Aquaporin is a channel protein that functions as a transporter of water in and out of a cell and is located within the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. In human plasma, there is a large protein called albumin that circulates freely in blood vessels. Based on their physiological locations, what is the best statement to describe these two proteins?(A)Aquaporin has a more nonpolar core with a nonpolar outer layer, whereas albumin has a more polar core with a polar outer layer(B)Aquaporin has a more polar core with a polar outer layer, whereas albumin has a more nonpolar core with a nonpolar outer layer(C)Aquaporin has a more nonpolar core with a polar outer layer, whereas albumin has a more polar core with a nonpolar outer layer(D)Aquaporin has a more polar core with a nonpolar outer layer, whereas albumin has a more nonpolar core with a polar outer layer

28. If Golgi apparatus were damaged by a consumed chemical compound, what process would be most altered?(A)protein translation(B)protein glycosylation(C)alpha helix formation(D)beta-sheet formation

29. A student was conducting experiments to understand how certain factors affect the chemical reaction with the enzyme fully saturated with substrate. What could she do to facilitate the reaction?(A)Increase the temperature to 40 degrees Celsius(B)Increase the concentration of substrate(C)Increase the concentration of enzyme(D)Add more solutions to the system

30. One of the structural proteins α-keratin is the main component of human hair. Many girls often use tools to straighten hair by applying heat to iron hair into temporarily lying flat and straight. What would be the best biological explanation for this fact?(A)Hair straighteners disrupt hydrogen bonds in α-keratin(B)Hair straighteners disrupt ionic bonds between α-keratin molecules(C)Hair straighteners disrupt disulfide bonds in α-keratin molecules(D)Hair straighteners denature α-keratin molecules by disrupting the pH

31. Okazaki fragments show all the following characteristics except for which ONE?(A)are typically 1000-2000 nucleotides long in prokaryotes(B)are joined together by DNA primase(C)are formed as part of the lagging strand(D)allow a replisome to move in one direction on double-stranded DNA

32. The enzyme telomerase synthesizes DNA strands at the end of chromosomes through which ONE of the following mechanisms?(A)By converting DNA polymerase into a continuously cycling mode(B)By adding each of the 4 nucleotides in turn to produce a repetitive sequence(C)By extending the leading strand via instructions from its own internal template(D)By adding long poly A tails to the leading strand

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