24. Which membrane protein can work against the electrochemical gradient?
(A) channel
(B) ion transporter
(C)symporter
(D)antiporter
(E)pump

25. Which amino acid produces the highest unit amount of acetyl-CoA when catabolized? (A) serine (B) isoleucine (C)tryptophan (D)leucine (E)histidine

26. Homocitrulline is produced when ornithine transcarbamylase uses lysine, instead of ornithine, to react with carbamoyl phosphate. Which of the following defects could result in the above reaction? (A) carbamoyl phosphate synthase I (B) argininosuccinate synthetase (C)ornithine permease (D)argininosuccinase (E)arginase

27. Which of the following lipids is found only in mitochondria and is essential for mitochondrial function? (A) Cardiolipin (B) Sphingosine (C)Diphosphatidylglycerol (D)Lecithin (E)None of them

28. Which enzyme deficiency is responsible for von Gierke Disease? (A) Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (B) Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (C)Glucose-6-phosphatase (D)Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (E)Xanthine oxidase

29. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase is the main enzyme that regulates the rate of glucose regeneration. Which of the following can activate this enzyme? (A) Adenosine monophosphate (B) Citrate (C)Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (D)All are right (E)None of them

30. The chemical reaction above is: (Image of chemical reaction) (A) Amide-imidic acid tautomerization (B) Amine-imine tautomerization (C)Lactam-lactim tautomerization (D)Keto-enol tautomerization (E)None of them

31. In an in vitro kinase assay, the protein substrate will be phosphorylated, and a phosphate group from 32P-labeled Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) will be covalently bound to the protein substrate. For this kind of assay, which kind of isotope-labeled ATP do you need? (A) ATP, [γ-32P] (B) ATP, [β-32P] (C)ATP, [α-32P] (D)ATP, [2,8-3H] (E)All of the above

32. To track the amount of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) synthesized after a certain hormone binds to its receptor in the cell, which kind of isotope-labeled nucleotides should be used in the assay? (A) ATP, [γ-32P] (B) dATP, [γ-32P] (C)ATP, [α-32P] (D)dATP, [α-32P] (E)All of the above

33. Cyclic GMP (cGMP) is used as a second messenger by: (A) Insulin (B) Glucagon (C)Epinephrine (D)Atrial natriuretic factor (E)Thyroxine

34. Which of the following descriptions is correct? (A) Hormones derived from tyrosine could be lipophilic or hydrophilic. (B) Arachidonic acids can only be generated from phospholipids cleaved by phospholipase A. (C)Peptide hormones are mature and biologically functional once the peptide is translated. (D)Vitamin D binds to its receptor on the plasma membrane. (E)None of the descriptions above (A-D) is correct.

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