28. What enzyme can generate products of GDP and CO₂?
(A) UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
(B) phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
(C) pyruvate dehydrogenase
(D) pyruvate carboxylase
(E) glutamate carboxylase

1. Prokaryotic DNA polymerase III: (A) contains a 5' to 3' proofreading activity to improve the fidelity of replication. (B) does not require a primer molecule to initiate replication. (C) has a β-subunit that acts as a circular clamp to improve the processivity of DNA synthesis. (D) synthesizes DNA in the 3' to 5' direction. (E) synthesizes only the leading strand； DNA polymerase I synthesizes the lagging strand.

2. Which of these enzymes is not directly involved in methyl-directed mismatch repair in E. coli? (A) DNA glycosylase (B) DNA helicase II (C) DNA ligase (D) DNA polymerase III (E) Exonuclease I

3. Which of the following enzymes contains reverse transcriptase activity   except   (A) HIV polymerase (B) Helicase (C) Telomerase (D) HBV polymerase (E) All contain reverse transcriptase activity

4. Which of the following polymerases is critical for the biosynthesis of ribosomal RNA in eukaryotes? (A) DNA-dependent RNA polymerase I (B) DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II (C) DNA-dependent RNA polymerase III (D) RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (E) DNA-dependent DNA polymerase

5. Which of the following small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) binds to the intron at a position encompassing the A residue? (A) U1 (B) U2 (C) U4 (D) U5 (E) U6

6. Which of the following transcriptional factors recognizes TATA box in eukaryotes? (A) TFIIA (B) TFIIB (C) TFIID (D) TFIIE (E) TFIIH

7. Which of the following statements regarding structural proteins is true? (A) silk fibroin is made from a repeat of three amino acids where each third amino acid is Gly (B) a-keratin is composed of peptides that contain mostly a-helical structure with the exception of short sequences where the peptide folds back on itself (C) collagen has its own helical structure where three individual peptides are wound around each other in a left-handed helix (D) generally speaking, structural proteins are soluble in water (E) none of the above

8. A fast and common method for determining the concentration of protein in aqueous solution is: (A) tandem mass spectrometry. (B) salting in with ammonium sulfate. (C) drying a portion and weighing the solid. (D) measuring light absorption at 280 nm. (E) Edman degradation.

9. Hydrolysis of a peptide bond produces: (A) an alcohol and an amine (B) an amine and a carboxylic acid (C) a carboxylic acid and an anhydride (D) an amide and a carboxylic acid (E) an alcohol and an amide

10. The peptide hormone insulin is composed of two peptide held together primarily by what mechanism? (A) disulfide bonds between cysteine residues (B) charge-charge interactions between acidic and basic amino acids (C) extensive hydrogen bonding due to the relatively high serine and glutamine content (D) hydrophobic interactions (E) an amide bond formed from the R-groups of a glutamic acid residue and a lysine residue

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