28. Which of the following statements is correct?
(A) Nonpolar compounds force surrounding H₂O molecules to become disordered.
(B) Nonpolar compounds interfere with the hydrogen bonding among H₂O molecules.
(C) Nonpolar compounds increase entropy (△S) when dissolved in water.
(D) Nonpolar compounds decrease enthalpy (△H) when dissolved in water.
(E) None of the above

24. Which of the following descriptions is correct, regarding to the use of the enzyme glucose oxidase to determine the concentrations of glucose in blood? (A) Glucose is reduced to give glucono-6-lactone. (B) The reaction produces oxygen in company with glucono-6-lactone. (C) The reaction requires hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. (D) Glucose is oxidized to give glucono-6-lactone. (E) Glucose is oxidized to give glucuronic acid

25. Certain nucleotide bases in DNA molecules are enzymatically methylated. In all known DNA methylation reactions the methyl group donor is: (A) S-adenosylmethionine. (B)  -methylenetetrahydrofolate. (C) N5-methyItetrahydrofolate. (D)(E) acetyl-CoA.

26. Which amino acid in the above table has a pKa that is very sensitive to the microenvironment and is often involved in enzyme catalysis? (A) I (B) II (C) III (D) IV (E) V

27. Which amino acid in the above table is able to form a salt bridge with a glutamate? (A) I (B) II (C) III (E) V (D) IV

29. Compare the two reaction coordinate diagrams below and select the answer that correctly describes their relationship. In each case, the single intermediate is the ES complex. (A) (a) describes a strict "lock and key" model, whereas (b) describes a transition-state complementarity model. (B) The activation energy for the catalyzed reaction is #5 in (a) and is #7 in (b). (C) The activation energy for the uncatalyzed reaction is given by #5 + #6 in (a) and by #7 + #4 in (b). (D) The contribution of binding energy is given by #5 in (a) and by #7 in (b). (E) The ES complex is given by #2 in (a) and #3 in (b).

30. Which of the following statements regarding enzyme regulation is true? (A) Addition of an inhibitor to a V system results in kinetics similar to addition of a competitive inhibitor to a typical hyperbolic system. (B) Addition of an allosteric activator to a K system changes the plot of V vs. [S] from a sigmoidal curve to a more hyperbolic curve. (C) Allosteric effectors are always more powerful than covalent modification. (D) The I state of an enzyme generally has more activity than the R state. (E) None of the above is true.

31. In the enzyme catalyzed reaction sequence below, can the intermediate be predicted and why?   (A) Yes, the mechanism is a double-displacement reaction. (B) Yes, the reaction fits the ping-pong model. (C) No, the reaction is random single-displacement. (D) No, the reaction is double-displacement. (E) No, the reaction is 'order single-displacement.

32. An enzyme-catalyzed reaction rate will be increased if the energy level of ES can be increased. Which of the following will not increase the energy level of ES? (A) Destabilization of ES by strain caused by non-covalent interactions between E and S. (B) Loss of entropy due to binding of E and S. (C) Destabilization of ES by distortion. (D) Destabilization of ES by electrostatic effects. (E) Destabilization of Es by solvation.

33. The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are listed in the following. 1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase 2. Succinate dehydrogenase 4. Citrate synthase 5. a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase 7. Succinyl-CoA synthase 8. Fumarase 3. Aconitatse 6. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 9. Malate dehydrogenase Which of the following descriptions is correct? (A) Enzyme 7 catalyzes the reaction that produces FADH2. (B) Enzymes 1, 5, and 9 catalyze the reactions that release CO2. (C) Enzymes 4 and 8 catalyze reactions consume H2O. (D) Enzymes 2 and 4 catalyze the reactions that consume double-bond-containing molecules. (E) Enzymes 3 and 6 catalyze the reactions that are bypassed in the glyoxylate cycle.

34. Which of the following statements about oxidation of fatty acids (FAs) is correct?  1. The energy yield per gram of FA oxidized is lesser than that per gram of carbohydrate oxidized. 2. Carnitine is used to shuttle acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membranes.  3. Oxidation of acyl-CoA to unsaturated acyl-CoA is catalyzed by NAD-dependent acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.  4. Cleavage of the B-ketoacyl-CoA is catalyzed by thiolase. (A) 1 and 3 are correct. (B) 2 and 4 are correct. (C) 1 and 4 are correct. (D) 2 and 3 are correct. (E) All of above are correct.