阿摩線上測驗
30 Eells（2007）認為認知行為個案概念化（cognitive-behavioral case formulation）可分為那三個層 級（levels）？
(A)情境、認知、行為
(B)情境、認知、情緒
(C)症狀、疾患、個案
(D)疾患、個案、信念
答案：登入後查看
統計： A(186), B(72), C(103), D(12), E(0) #1846465
統計： A(186), B(72), C(103), D(12), E(0) #1846465
詳解 (共 2 筆)
Movingheart
#4952419
出處：Eells, T. (2007). Handbook of psychotherapy case formulation(2E).
New York: Guilford. Ch10-Cognitive-Behavioral Case Formulation.
然後該篇幅的撰寫作者不是Eells，是Jacqueline B. Persons和Michael A. Tompkins。
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內文：
Formulation occurs at several levels: ①the level of symptom, ②disorder or
problem, and③case. For example, the symptom of auditory hallucinations
has been conceptualized by CB therapists as thoughts that are attributed
by the individual to an external source (Kingdon & Turkington, 2005).
A disorder or problem usually consists of a set of symptoms or problem
behaviors.
For example, major depressive disorder has been conceptualized as
by the individual to an external source (Kingdon & Turkington, 2005).
A disorder or problem usually consists of a set of symptoms or problem
behaviors.
For example, major depressive disorder has been conceptualized as
made up of automatic thoughts, negative emotions, and problem behaviors
that result from the activation of negative schemas by stressful life events
(Beck et al., 1979). The problem of treatment noncompliance experienced
by John, the patient described in our case example, was conceptualized as
consisting of unassertiveness and other avoidance behaviors, negative
cognitions (e.g., "what's the point"), and negative emotions (e.g., dysphoria)
arising from John"s schemas of himself as inadequate, of others as critical,
and of the future as hopeless.
The formulation at the level of the case is a hypothesis about the causes of
all of the patient's symptoms, disorders, and problems, and how they are related.
We use the term "problem" in two ways: to refer to difficulties that are not symptoms
or disorders (e.g., treatment noncompliance), and in a generic way that includes all
symptoms, disorders, and problems. This chapter focuses primarily on formulation
at the level of the case.
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小結：我覺得層次當中最重要的是學者對於什麼是「問題」的定義，
因為實務上容易混淆是伴隨的問題還是這個人的問題。
all of the patient's symptoms, disorders, and problems, and how they are related.
We use the term "problem" in two ways: to refer to difficulties that are not symptoms
or disorders (e.g., treatment noncompliance), and in a generic way that includes all
symptoms, disorders, and problems. This chapter focuses primarily on formulation
at the level of the case.
--------------
小結：我覺得層次當中最重要的是學者對於什麼是「問題」的定義，
因為實務上容易混淆是伴隨的問題還是這個人的問題。
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