32.
(A) contingent on
(B) inspired by
(C) thanks to
(D) rather than 

33.(A) More importantly, the top-down paradigm assigns a very active role to readers by focusing on higher-level processes such as predicting and confirming. (B) Finally, the interactive theory of reading holds that bottom-up and top-down processes are complementary. (C) Bottom-up models further suggest that these activities take place in a linear fashion, so that this decoding ultimately leads to an understanding of meaning. (D) Bottom-up theorists explain reading by focusing on the lower-level processes involved.

34.(A) More importantly, the top-down paradigm assigns a very active role to readers by focusing on higher-level processes such as predicting and confirming. (B) Finally, the interactive theory of reading holds that bottom-up and top-down processes are complementary. (C) Bottom-up models further suggest that these activities take place in a linear fashion, so that this decoding ultimately leads to an understanding of meaning. (D) Bottom-up theorists explain reading by focusing on the lower-level processes involved.

35.(A) More importantly, the top-down paradigm assigns a very active role to readers by focusing on higher-level processes such as predicting and confirming. (B) Finally, the interactive theory of reading holds that bottom-up and top-down processes are complementary. (C) Bottom-up models further suggest that these activities take place in a linear fashion, so that this decoding ultimately leads to an understanding of meaning. (D) Bottom-up theorists explain reading by focusing on the lower-level processes involved.

36.(A) More importantly, the top-down paradigm assigns a very active role to readers by focusing on higher-level processes such as predicting and confirming. (B) Finally, the interactive theory of reading holds that bottom-up and top-down processes are complementary. (C) Bottom-up models further suggest that these activities take place in a linear fashion, so that this decoding ultimately leads to an understanding of meaning. (D) Bottom-up theorists explain reading by focusing on the lower-level processes involved.

37.(A) The first empirical evidence for the above stipulation comes from Conrad’s seminal study. (B) In contrast, beginners had more difficulties in identifying pictures of visually-similar items due to their holistic learning experience and reliance on a direct link between orthography (or pictures) and semantics. (C) Despite the fact that auditory word recognition precedes visual word recognition, empirical first-language (L1) cquisition studies have shown that beginning L1 learners seem to rely more on pictorial or orthographic representations as media in remembering newly learned lexical items. (D) The above evidence suggests that there appears to be a difference in how learners of different proficiency profiles and at different developmental stages process lexical items.

38.(A) The first empirical evidence for the above stipulation comes from Conrad’s seminal study. (B) In contrast, beginners had more difficulties in identifying pictures of visually-similar items due to their holistic learning experience and reliance on a direct link between orthography (or pictures) and semantics. (C) Despite the fact that auditory word recognition precedes visual word recognition, empirical first-language (L1) cquisition studies have shown that beginning L1 learners seem to rely more on pictorial or orthographic representations as media in remembering newly learned lexical items. (D) The above evidence suggests that there appears to be a difference in how learners of different proficiency profiles and at different developmental stages process lexical items.

39.(A) The first empirical evidence for the above stipulation comes from Conrad’s seminal study. (B) In contrast, beginners had more difficulties in identifying pictures of visually-similar items due to their holistic learning experience and reliance on a direct link between orthography (or pictures) and semantics. (C) Despite the fact that auditory word recognition precedes visual word recognition, empirical first-language (L1) cquisition studies have shown that beginning L1 learners seem to rely more on pictorial or orthographic representations as media in remembering newly learned lexical items. (D) The above evidence suggests that there appears to be a difference in how learners of different proficiency profiles and at different developmental stages process lexical items.

40.(A) The first empirical evidence for the above stipulation comes from Conrad’s seminal study. (B) In contrast, beginners had more difficulties in identifying pictures of visually-similar items due to their holistic learning experience and reliance on a direct link between orthography (or pictures) and semantics. (C) Despite the fact that auditory word recognition precedes visual word recognition, empirical first-language (L1) cquisition studies have shown that beginning L1 learners seem to rely more on pictorial or orthographic representations as media in remembering newly learned lexical items. (D) The above evidence suggests that there appears to be a difference in how learners of different proficiency profiles and at different developmental stages process lexical items.

41. What is the best title for this passage? (A) Influence of phonological recoding on advanced and beginning L2 learners from different language backgrounds (B) The development of phonological awareness as a mnemonic strategy (C) Examining the discourse strategies employed by L2 learners from different language backgrounds (D) The native speaker concept in second language acquisition and language teaching

42. Which of the following best describes the nature of this passage? (A) A test bulletin (B) A research proposal (C) A procedural motion (D) A diplomatic memorandum

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