32. Read the following sentences from a short paragraph about online learning. One of them does NOT fit the logical flow of the passage. Which one is it?
(A) The earliest universities in Europe were founded in the 12th century.
(B) Online platforms have increased access to education for learners in remote or underserved areas.
(C) Flexibility in scheduling allows students to balance study with work and family commitments.
(D) However, not all learners thrive in digital environments due to a lack of personal interaction.
(E) Online education has evolved rapidly with the advancement of communication technologies.

28. Speaker A: I think we need stronger laws to protect personal data online. Too many companies exploit user information without clear consent.Speaker B: But overregulating tech companies might limit innovation. Startups especially can't afford to comply with complex laws.Speaker C: Both of you make good points, but I believe transparency is the key. If companies are upfront about how they use data, people can make informed choices.What is the central issue being discussed?(A) Whether new laws should be passed to protect personal data.(B) Whether data privacy concerns justify shutting down tech startups.(C) Whether user data should be sold to third parties.(D) Whether companies should invest in artificial intelligence tools.(E) Whether online advertisements should be banned altogether.

29. Speaker A: I think preventive care should be prioritized. It's more cost-effective and leads to better long-term health outcomes.Speaker B: True, but some communities still struggle to access even basic care. Without addressing inequality, prevention isn't enough.Speaker C: I agree with both of you, but I also think we need to invest more in mental health services, which are often overlooked.What is the main challenge being discussed?(A) How to improve hospital management systems.(B) Whether doctors should receive better salaries in rural areas.(C) Whether physical health matters more than mental health.(D) Whether vaccines should be required.(E) How to spend health care money when there are many needs.

30. Speaker A: I always try to buy from sustainable brands, even if it means paying a bit more. I think our choices should reflect our values.Speaker B: That's admirable, but not everyone has the budget for that.Price is still the biggest factor for many people.Speaker C: Honestly, I usually go with the brand I trust. If a company has been reliable in the past, that matters more to me than trends or price.What does this conversation mainly highlight?(A) How advertising manipulates consumer behavior.(B) Why consumers prefer international brands.(C) The different factors that influence people's purchasing decisions.(D) The need for more government regulation of consumer products.(E) How online reviews are replacing traditional shopping habits.

31. Read the following sentences from a short article about scientific communication. One of them does NOT fit the logical flow of the passage. Which one is it? (A) Scientific knowledge grows through rigorous testing, peer review, and open debate. (B) Communicating findings clearly helps prevent public misunderstanding of scientific issues. (C) Some people believe that space exploration is a waste of taxpayer money. (D) Researchers must ensure that their work is not only accurate but also accessible to non-specialists. (E) Effective communication of scientific results can influence public policy and education.

33. Read the following sentences from a paragraph about exercise habits. One of them does NOT fit the logical flow of the passage. Which one is it? (A) Many people struggle to maintain a consistent workout routine due to busy schedules. (B) Establishing achievable fitness goals can help build long-term motivation. (C) Studies show that regular exercise reduces the risk of heart disease and diabetes. (D) Gym memberships in urban areas are often more expensive than in rural regions. (E) Home workout videos have become a popular alternative to going to the gym.

34. Read the following sentences from an academic email. One of the sentences does NOT fit well with the overall flow or purpose of the message. Which one is it? (A) Thank you for your thoughtful feedback on my draft. (B) I've attached a revised version that includes your suggestions on structure and clarity. (C) I would appreciate any further comments you may have before the final submission deadline. (D) I believe your feedback was not accurate and I plan to use a different reference style. (E) Please let me know if you have time to review my revisions this week.

35. Read the following sentences from a short article about renewable energy. One of them does NOT fit the logical flow of the passage. Which one is it? (A) Solar and wind power are increasingly seen as key solutions to the global energy crisis. (B) Wildlife conservation efforts have helped restore habitats for endangered species (C) Many governments are offering subsidies to encourage investment in clean technologies. (D) Fossil fuel prices fluctuate due to geopolitical tensions in oil-producing regions. (E) Energy storage solutions are crucial to stabilizing renewable energy supply.

36. The results of the experiment______published in a leading scientific journal.(A) has(B) were(C) is(D) be(E) being

37. By the time she arrived, the lecture______already.(A) started(B) has started(C) had started(D) will start(E) would start

38. Neither the students nor the professor______aware of the schedule change until the last minute. (A) were (B) are (C) was (D) be (E) have been