34. The following are the main ideas of the paragraphs. Which paragraph’s main idea is CORRECTLY described?
(A)Paragraph Two: It describes why William the Conqueror attacked England.
(B) Paragraph Three: It details all the purposes that English castles served.
(C) Paragraph Five: It details the new features added to increase castle defenses.
(D)Paragraph Six: It describes the pros and cons of the invention of gunpowder.

Palaces are known for their beauty and splendor, but they offer little protection against attacks. It is easy to defend a fortress, but fortresses are not designed with the comfort of a king or queen in mind. When it comes to structures that are both majestic and well-fortified, the classic European castle is the pinnacle of design. Across the ages castles changed, developed, and eventually fell out of use, but they still command the fascination of the English culture.
宮殿以其壯麗輝煌而聞名，但卻難以抵禦外敵入侵。堡壘固然易於防守，但其設計並非以君主的舒適為考量。若要論雄偉壯麗且防禦堅固的建築，經典的歐洲城堡堪稱設計典範。經過歲月變遷，城堡不斷演變和發展，最終走向衰落，但它們至今仍令英國文化為之著迷。
Castles were originally built in England by Norman invaders in 1066. As William the Conqueror advanced through England, he fortified key positions to secure the land he had taken. The castles he built allowed the Norman lords to retreat to safety when threatened by English rebellion. Castles also served as bases of operation for offensive attacks. Troops were summoned to, organized around, and deployed from castles. In this way castles served both offensive and defensive roles in military operations.
城堡最初由諾曼入侵者於1066年在英格蘭建造。征服者威廉一路推進，在英格蘭各地鞏固防禦工事，以鞏固其佔領的土地。他建造的城堡使諾曼領主在英格蘭叛亂威脅時能夠安全撤退。城堡也作為進攻行動的基地。軍隊在城堡集結、部署並從中出發。因此，城堡在軍事行動中同時發揮了攻擊和防禦的雙重作用。
Not limited to military purposes, castles also served as offices from which the lord would administer control over his fiefdom. The lord of the land would hold court in his castle. Those who were socially beneath the lord would come to report the affairs of the lands that they governed and pay tribute to the lord. They would address disputes, handle business, feast, and enjoy festivities. In this way castles served as important social centers in medieval England. Castles also served as symbols of power. Built on prominent sites overlooking the surrounding areas, castles constantly loomed in the background of many peasants’ lives and served as a daily reminder of the lord’s strength.
城堡的功能不僅限於軍事，它也曾是領主管理封地的辦公室。領主會在城堡中舉行朝會。地位低於領主的人會前來報告轄區事務，並向領主進貢。他們會在城堡中處理爭議、處理公務、宴飲作樂，並享受各種節慶。因此，城堡在中世紀的英格蘭扮演著重要的社會中心角色。城堡也是權力的象徵。它們建在俯瞰週邊地區的顯要位置，時刻出現在許多農民的視野中，時時提醒著他們領主的強大。
The first castles constructed in England were made from earth and timber. Those who constructed them took advantage of natural features, such as hills and rivers, to increase defenses. Since these castles were constructed from wood, they were highly susceptible to attacks by fire. Wooden castles were gradually replaced by stone, which greatly increased the strength of these fortifications； however, being made from stone did not make these castles entirely fireproof. Attackers could hurl flaming objects into the castle through the windows or ignite the wooden doors. This led to moving the windows and entrances off of the ground floor and up to the first floor to make them more difficult to access.
英格蘭最早的城堡是用泥土和木材建造的。建造者利用山丘和河流等自然地形來加強防禦。由於這些城堡是用木頭建造的，因此極易遭受火災攻擊。木製城堡逐漸被石頭城堡取代，這大大提高了防禦工事的強度；然而，即使是石頭建造的城堡也並非完全防火。攻擊者可以從窗戶向城堡內投擲燃燒物，或點燃木門。因此，人們將窗戶和入口從底層移到了二樓，以增加攻擊難度。
As the nobility accumulated wealth, England became increasingly attractive to those who sought to plunder. Raids by Vikings and other marauders increased in regularity. In response to these attacks, castle defenses were updated and improved. Arrow-slits were added. These were small holes in the castle, large enough for an arrow to fit through, which allowed defenders to fire from nearly invulnerable positions. Towers were built from which defenders could provide flanking fire. These towers were connected to the castle by wooden bridges, so that if one tower fell, the rest of the castle was still easy to defend. Multiple rings of castle walls were constructed, so that even if attackers made it past one wall, they would be caught on a killing ground between inner and outer walls. Advances such as these greatly increased the defense of castles.
隨著貴族財富的積累，英格蘭對那些伺機掠奪者而言變得越來越有吸引力。維京人和其他劫掠者的攻擊愈發頻繁。為了應對這些攻擊，城堡的防禦工事不斷更新和改進。城堡上增設了箭孔，這些小孔足以讓箭矢穿過，使守軍能夠在幾乎無懈可擊的位置進行射擊。城堡也建造了塔樓，守軍可以從塔樓上進行側翼火力支援。這些塔樓透過木橋與城堡主體相連，因此即使一座塔樓被攻陷，城堡的其他部分仍然易於防守。城堡也建造了多層城牆，即使攻擊者突破了一圈城牆，也會被困在內外城牆之間的圍攻區域。諸如此類的改進極大地增強了城堡的防禦能力。
The demise of castles can ultimately be attributed to gunpowder. Gunpowder was first introduced to Europe during the 14th century, but the first gunpowder weapons were unreliable, inaccurate, and weak by later standards. During the 15th century, artillery became powerful enough to break through stone walls. This greatly undermined the military role of castles. Castles were then replaced by artillery forts that had no role in civil administration and country houses that were indefensible. Though castles no longer serve their original purposes, remaining castles receive millions of visitors each year from those who wish to experience these majestic vestiges of a time long passed.
城堡的衰落最終可歸咎於火藥。火藥於14世紀首次傳入歐洲，但早期的火藥武器性能低、精準度差，與後來的標準相比更是相形見絀。到了15世紀，火砲威力大增，足以擊穿石牆，這大大削弱了城堡的軍事作用。城堡隨後被不具備民用功能的砲台和難以防守的鄉村宅邸所取代。儘管城堡如今已不再發揮其最初的功能，但每年仍有數百萬遊客慕名而來，一睹這些昔日輝煌遺跡的風采。