115年 - 115 中國醫藥大學學士後中醫學系入學招生考試試題：英文#138850

科目：學士後中醫◆英文 | 年份：115年 | 選擇題數：50 | 申論題數：0

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選擇題 (50)

1. The editorial criticized the plan as _____ because it promised lower taxes, better services, and
reduced debt without trade-offs.
(A) indelible (B) inexorable (C) irrevocable (D) untenable
2. The company’s report tried to _____ responsibility for the data breach, but internal emails
showed managers ignored repeated warnings.
(A) deprecate (B) deflect (C) delude (D) deride
3. The historian described the ruler’s reforms as _____, noting that they improved public health
while expanding surveillance.
(A) categorical (B) cylindrical (C) paradoxical (D) sabbatical
4. Physicians must _____ competing risks when recommending surgery for elderly patients with
several chronic conditions.
(A) weigh (B) freight (C) inflate (D) deflate
5. The spokesperson’s apology sounded _____ because it expressed regret without admitting
responsibility or promising concrete change.
(A) auspicious (B) deleterious (C) insidious (D) tenacious
6. The author attempted to _____ contemporary social theories into a framework developed under
very different historical conditions.
(A) interfere (B) shoehorn (C) reprimand (D) meddle
7. Some people _____ concepts such as “natural selection” and “survival of the fittest” to rationalize
the turbulent socio-economic landscapes of industrialization and urbanization.
(A) appropriated (B) accumulated (C) coagulated (D) corrugated
8. His brief _____ of past events will bring you up to date.
(A) running (B) runoff (C) runaway (D) rundown
9. I didn’t tell Mrs. Smith her husband had left, but she noticed his car was gone and put _____
together.
(A) one in a million (B) two and two (C) three’s a crowd (D) baker’s dozen
10. Large corporations are likely to view both customers and employees as _____ commodities.
(A) fungible (B) filtered (C) empirical (D) verbose
Ⅱ. Cloze (Questions 11-30): Choose the BEST answer for each blank in the passages.
Passage A
Psychological research on resilience has moved beyond the idea that some individuals simply
possess a stable trait that protects them from adversity. Contemporary models emphasize dynamic
regulation: people cope not only by enduring stress, but by interpreting events, recruiting social
support, and revising goals when circumstances change. This shift has important implications for
intervention. If resilience is treated as a fixed capacity, programs tend to classify students or patients
as vulnerable; 11 it is viewed as a process, the focus turns to the conditions that make adaptive
responses more likely. Such a process-oriented view, however, should not be confused with the
optimistic claim that hardship is automatically beneficial. Exposure to manageable difficulty may
strengthen coping skills, but severe or repeated stress can 12 attention, memory, and emotion
regulation. Measurement is another difficulty. Many resilience scales ask respondents to rate
confidence after adversity, 13 these self-reports may reflect cultural expectations about appearing
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strong rather than actual recovery. For this reason, researchers increasingly combine questionnaires
with behavioral indicators, longitudinal data, and contextual information. The goal is not to find a
single resilience score but to explain why one person recovers in a given setting while another does
not. Interventions are therefore most credible when they 14 coping strategies to specific stressors
and social resources. Put differently, resilience should be understood as an interaction between
individuals and environments, 15 as an inner asset that can be measured apart from context.
11. (A) if (B) unless (C) wherever (D) because
12. (A) impose (B) implicate (C) implement (D) impair
13. (A) so that (B) even though (C) provided that (D) as if
14. (A) dismiss (B) erode (C) tailor (D) subordinate
15. (A) rather than (B) as well as (C) insofar as (D) because of
Passage B
In public discussions of nutrition, fortified foods are often presented as a straightforward solution
to micronutrient deficiency. Adding iron to flour or vitamin D to milk can indeed improve population
health, especially when vulnerable groups have limited access to diverse diets. Yet the logic of
fortification becomes less simple when foods are also highly processed, aggressively marketed, and
consumed in quantities far beyond what nutrition planners anticipated. A breakfast cereal may be
16 enriched with vitamins, but its overall contribution to health depends on sugar content, fiber
structure, and how it displaces other foods in the diet. 17 nutrient labels invite consumers to
evaluate foods item by item, metabolic effects emerge from dietary patterns over time. Recent
research on the gut microbiome reinforces this broader view. Fibers that appear chemically similar
may 18 different microbial responses because their physical matrix determines how bacteria
access them. Consequently, nutrition policy cannot rely exclusively on isolated nutrient counts. It
must also consider food processing, affordability, cultural habits, and the commercial incentives that
shape choice. This does not mean fortified products should be rejected; in settings where deficiency
remains widespread, they may be indispensable. The more defensible position is that fortification
should be treated as a targeted public-health tool, 19 as a license to market nutritionally
imbalanced products as wholesome. If policymakers ignore this distinction, a technically fortified
intervention may even 20 the very dietary transition associated with chronic disease.
16. (A) arbitrarily (B) perilously (C) ostensibly (D) reluctantly
17. (A) As well as (B) Because (C) Unless (D) Whereas
18. (A) elicit (B) extract (C) exempt (D) execrate
19. (A) as much as (B) in addition to (C) owing to (D) instead of
20. (A) attenuate (B) accelerate (C) authenticate (D) abrogate
Passage C
The distinction between Key Opinion Leaders (KOLs) and influencers is a pivotal concept in
contemporary marketing discourse. While influencers are typically digital 21 who cultivate
authority primarily within social media ecosystems, KOLs derive their social status from extrinsic
expertise or recognized professional accomplishments in specialized fields such as academia,
medicine, or athletics. Consequently, a KOL’s influence 22 in substantive credibility and informed
opinion rather than mere platform-specific engagement.
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A primary divergence involves their engagement with digital infrastructure. 23 influencers,
who prioritize the constant creation of curated content, KOLs often view social media as secondary
to their primary vocation, frequently limiting their online presence due to the 24 -intensive nature
of digital brand maintenance. Nevertheless, when a KOL—such as a renowned nutritionist or
specialized journalist—participates in a campaign, they provide an evidential “weapon” of
authenticity that traditional advertisements lack. Empirical data supports this shift toward the human
element, suggesting that 92% of consumers prioritize personal recommendations 25 conventional
advertising. By facilitating an image transfer from an authoritative figure to a brand, organizations
can significantly bolster their institutional visibility and secure long-term consumer trust.
21. (A) foreigner (B) humanists (C) natives (D) outlanders
22. (A) rooted (B) is rooted (C) root (D) has rooted
23. (A) Unless (B) Similar (C) In addition (D) Unlike
24. (A) time (B) light (C) sound (D) space
25. (A) upon (B) at (C) of (D) over
Passage D
Recent journalistic accounts based on extensive interviews with Susie Wiles, the White House
Chief of Staff, 26 a rare diagnostic view into the internal operational dynamics of the Trump
administration. Wiles characterizes the executive’s management style as a byproduct of a highly
assertive and changeable personality, drawing parallels to behavioral patterns that resist conventional
restraint. This psychological 27 necessitated frequent interventions by staff to mitigate the impact
of unilateral decisions regarding trade protectionism and judicial clemency.
Furthermore, the administration is depicted as a complex milieu of ideologically disparate actors.
Wiles specifically identifies a 28 between ideological zealots and those motivated by strategic
political transitions, exemplified by the burgeoning rivalry between Vice President J. D. Vance and
Secretary of State Marco Rubio. 29 interpersonal conflicts, the Chief of Staff’s testimony
highlights significant departures from evidentiary standards in presidential discourse—most notably
regarding historical investigative files. Finally, in the realm of foreign policy, Wiles delineates a shift
30 aggressive regime-change strategies in Venezuela, while simultaneously emphasizing the
constitutional requirement for a legislative mandate to authorize specific military escalations.
26. (A) offer (B) offers (C) is offered (D) is offering
27. (A) stability (B) credibility (C) durability (D) volatility
28. (A) frequency (B) dichotomy (C) paradigm (D) validation
29. (A) Less (B) Therefore (C) Beyond (D) Moreover
30. (A) with (B) toward (C) off (D) on
III. Reading Comprehension (Questions 31-50):Choose the BEST answer for each question.
Passage A
Ovid’s Metamorphoses, a monumental Latin compendium of Greek myths completed around
AD 8, is often mischaracterized as a static relic of antiquity. However, contemporary scholars argue
that the text serves as an extraordinarily contemporary document, characterized by an obsession with
fluidity, plasticity, and the transgression of boundaries. By exploring the limitations of the human
form, the fluidity of gender, and the precarious relationship between humanity and the natural world,
Ovid provides a mirror for modern anxieties ranging from technological hubris to ecological crisis.
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The thematic malleability of these myths allows each generation to repurpose them to reflect
prevailing societal conditions. For instance, the myth of Narcissus, traditionally a cautionary tale
against vanity, finds a profound parallel in the digital age’s culture of self-promotion on social media.
Similarly, the story of Pygmalion—the sculptor who fell in love with his own creation—is being
reinterpreted through the lens of artificial intelligence. In this reading, Pygmalion’s misplaced faith
in the superiority of his artificial construct over “real women” mirrors modern society’s dangerous
belief that human-engineered algorithms can offer a controlled, perfect solution to complex human
problems. This arrogance carries significant risk; much like the character Eliza in George Bernard
Shaw’s adaptation of the myth, My Fair Lady, autonomous systems may eventually develop a mind
of their own, leading to consequences far less manageable than their creators intended.
Furthermore, Ovid’s work resonates deeply with current socio-political upheavals. The myth of
Leto, condemned to perpetual wandering, has been utilized by modern novelists to explore the sense
of exile and homelessness inherent in the global refugee crisis. Additionally, the story of Salmacis
and Hermaphroditus offers an ancient representation of gender fluidity, suggesting that nature itself
possesses an inherent ambiguity that defies rigid categorization. In this context, the Metamorphoses
encourages a shift from viewing individuals as deviations of the norm to recognizing them as unique
human beings.
Perhaps the most significant modern engagement with Ovid involves “reclaiming the narrative”
for victims of violence. While Ovid was often dismissive of the assaults suffered by his female
characters, modern feminist writers are reframing these stories. The transformation of Medusa—from
a beast with snakes for hair punished for being a victim to a symbol of survivors of sexual assault—
exemplifies this shift. Finally, the myth of Philemon and Baucis, who survived a divine flood through
their humility and respect for forces beyond their control, serves as a vital fable for the climate change
era. Ultimately, Ovid’s work suggests that human survival depends on a fundamental humility in the
face of forces we cannot control.
31. According to paragraph 2, how does the myth of Pygmalion relate to modern Artificial
Intelligence (AI)?
(A) It suggests that AI will eventually become a physical form of art displayed in museums.
(B) It reflects that artificial creations are superior to and more controllable than natural reality.
(C) It proves that ancient Greeks had developed a conceptual framework for programming.
(D) It serves as a warning that AI will eventually fall in love with its human creators.
32. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the myth of Leto?
(A) It was originally written to provide a legal framework for refugee rights in Rome.
(B) It suggests that Leto was responsible for the upheaval of the modern world.
(C) It is the only myth that does not involve a physical and psychological transformation.
(D) It is used by writers to symbolize the plight of those who are homeless or in exile.
33. According to the passage, how has the perception of Medusa changed in modern times?
(A) She is now viewed as a more terrifying monster than she was in Ovid’s original version.
(B) Artists stop depicting her with snakes in her hair to make her look more human.
(C) She is transformed from a monster to a heroic survivor of sexual assault.
(D) She is now used primarily as a symbol for the dangers of violence on social media.
34. All of the following are mentioned as modern parallels to Ovid’s myths EXCEPT _____.
(A) the discovery of new species in the animal kingdom
(B) the hidden outcomes of autonomous technology
(C) the use of social media for self-promotion
(D) the challenges faced by refugees and displaced persons
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35. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?
(A) Modern adaptations of Ovid, such as My Fair Lady, are more effective at teaching
ecological lessons than the original Latin text.
(B) Ovid’s Metamorphoses is primarily a historical record of Greek myths that has lost its
relevance in the digital age.
(C) Metamorphoses remains vital today because its themes of change and fluidity allow it to
be reinterpreted to address modern crises.
(D) The primary purpose of Ovid’s work was to warn ancient Roman leaders about the
dangers of excessive pride and vanity.
Passage B
In contemporary higher education, the discourse surrounding generative artificial intelligence
(AI) has largely coalesced around a set of comforting metaphors. University policies and academic
handbooks frequently characterize AI as a “tool,” a “tutor,” or a “helpful assistant.” While these
descriptors aim to provide pragmatic clarity, they are far from neutral. Instead, these metaphors exert
a profound, often invisible, influence on how educators and students conceptualize the technology’s
role in the cultivation of critical thinking.
The cognitive power of metaphors is well-documented. A landmark study by Stanford
psychologists Paul Thibodeau and Lera Boroditsky demonstrated that framing crime as either a “beast”
or a “plague” significantly altered the solutions participants proposed—steering them toward either
punitive measures or social reform, respectively. Crucially, participants remained largely unaware of
the metaphor’s influence, instead attributing their decisions to raw statistics. Similarly, viewing AI
as a “tool” implies a degree of moral neutrality and human agency; much like a hammer, the
responsibility for its effects is placed squarely on the user. This perspective, however, obscures the
ways in which AI systems actively shape interpretations and manipulate judgment, potentially
undermining the intellectual habits academics seek to foster.
The “assistant” metaphor further complicates the pedagogical landscape by suggesting a clear
hierarchy where the human remains in control. This narrative masks the emergence of a “second
hidden curriculum,” wherein AI does not merely assist but actively directs learning by structuring
explanations and modeling specific cognitive pathways. When AI is anthropomorphized—attributed
human qualities like “going rogue” or being “racist”—it further dilutes accountability. Such language
allows users to look away from the institutional and corporate biases embedded within the algorithms,
leading to a drift in moral responsibility.
To counteract these cognitive distortions, some scholars suggest a transition from convenient
metaphors to disciplined, technical vocabulary. Rather than “brainstorming with AI,” users should
recognize the process as “engaging in probabilistic text generation” under specific algorithmic
constraints. Shifting from the concept of “hallucinations” to “predictive text failure” transforms
verification from an optional task into a fundamental academic practice. Ultimately, by stripping
away misleading metaphors and insisting on technical precision, the academic community can better
maintain moral responsibility and pedagogical integrity, ensuring that the development of thought
remains a distinctly human endeavor.
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36. According to paragraph 2, why is the “tool” metaphor for AI considered problematic?
(A) It suggests that AI has its own moral agency and can make decisions.
(B) It encourages students to use AI for manual labor rather than intellectual tasks.
(C) It fails to account for the physical weight and hardware constraints of AI systems.
(D) It implies that any negative outcomes are solely the user’s fault.
37. Why does the author mention the study by Paul Thibodeau and Lera Boroditsky?
(A) To indicate that metaphors can manipulate human problem-solving and decision-making.
(B) To argue that crime in cities is subjected to either punishment or reform.
(C) To show that psychologists are more qualified than computer scientists to discuss AI.
(D) To illustrate that the use of “beast” metaphor is better than the “plague” metaphor.
38. According to paragraph 3, what is the “second hidden curriculum”?
(A) The secret set of lesson plans developed by corporations to replace traditional teachers.
(B) The process by which AI subtly directs learning and structures student thought processes.
(C) The specialized course designed to teach students how to use AI tools effectively.
(D) The unofficial social interactions that take place among students in a classroom.
39. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a consequence of anthropomorphizing AI?
(A) It makes it easier to ignore corporate choices embedded in the AI system.
(B) It leads to the idea that the AI system has “gone rogue” when it produces errors.
(C) It encourages users to think using the AI system is a key to success.
(D) It allows users to take an evasive attitude in moral responsibility.
40. In paragraph 4, the author suggests that shifting to technical language like “predictive text failure”
would _____.
(A) make the technology seem more human and approachable
(B) highlight the user’s role in interpreting and evaluating the output
(C) eliminate the need for students to learn experimental language design
(D) allow users to stop worrying about algorithmic constraints
Passage C
Cancer prevention is often discussed as a long-term ideal, yet this study argues that it can be
quantified in concrete, policy-relevant terms. The researchers estimate how many new cancer cases
in 2022 could be linked to exposures that can, at least in principle, be reduced through individual
behavior change, public health programs, regulation, or safer environments. Their work sits within
comparative risk assessment and cancer epidemiology and relies on professional concepts such as
carcinogenic exposure pathways (chemical, infectious, environmental, and occupational), the time
lag between exposure and diagnosis (latency), and the population-attributable fraction (PAF). PAF is
a standard metric that combines exposure prevalence with the relative risk associated with that
exposure to estimate the proportion of cases that would not occur if the exposure were removed,
assuming the relationship is causal and other conditions remain unchanged.
To generate globally comparable estimates, the study combines cancer incidence counts from
GLOBOCAN 2022 with risk-factor prevalence and effect estimates for 30 modifiable risk factors.
The analysis covers 36 cancer sites and 185 countries and groups risks into four broad domains:
behavioral (e.g., tobacco smoking and alcohol use), environmental (e.g., ambient particulate air
pollution and ultraviolet radiation), infectious causes (nine infection agents linked to cancer), and
occupational hazards (thirteen workplace carcinogens or exposure settings). Because many cancers
develop over years, the researchers primarily align incidence in 2022 with exposure prevalence from
roughly a decade earlier (around 2012). They then apply PAF calculations to estimate attributable
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cancer incidence by sex, region, cancer site, and risk factor, offering both proportional burdens and
absolute case counts.
The central finding is that modifiable risks account for a large share of new cancers worldwide.
The researchers estimate about 7.1 million of 18.7 million new cancer cases in 2022—approximately
37.8%—were attributable to the included risk factors. The attributable share is notably higher among
men (about 45.4%) than among women (about 29.7%), reflecting sex differences in exposure patterns
and infection-related burdens. Regional variation is substantial, which underscores the need for local
tailoring rather than relying on a single “global template.” In women, the estimated attributable
fraction ranges from about 24.6% in Northern Africa and Western Asia to about 38.2% in sub-Saharan
Africa. In men, it ranges from about 28.1% in Latin America and the Caribbean to about 57.2% in
East Asia. Such contrasts indicate that prevention priorities must be calibrated to regional risk
profiles, health-system capacities, and demographic structures.
Across all regions, tobacco smoking emerges as the largest single contributor to incident cancers
(around 15.1% globally), followed by infection-related cancers (about 10.2%), with alcohol use
contributing additional burden (about 3.2%). These drivers map onto cancer-site patterns that help
interpret where prevention could yield the largest gains. Lung cancer accounts for the greatest number
of potentially preventable cases worldwide, consistent with the dominant role of smoking. Stomach
cancer and cervical cancer also represent major preventable burdens in many settings, aligning with
infection pathways and the potential impact of vaccination, screening, and timely treatment of
precursor conditions.
The study’s contribution is both empirical and practical. Empirically, it offers an updated,
standardized picture of preventable cancer incidence in 2022 across countries and regions, using
consistent assumptions and a harmonized risk set. Practically, it translates etiologic evidence into a
prevention “roadmap,” allowing policymakers to compare potential impact across different
interventions. The researchers’ results support prioritizing strong tobacco control, scaling effective
infection prevention and control measures (including vaccination and screening where appropriate),
reducing harmful alcohol consumption, improving air quality and UV protection in relevant contexts,
and strengthening occupational safeguards. Overall, the study reinforces a prevention-centered
framing: while treatment remains indispensable, a sizable portion of cancer incidence can be
addressed by targeted actions that reduce exposure to major, changeable risks.
The researchers also emphasize that attributable fractions are not predictions of what will
automatically happen but scenario-based estimates that help rank prevention opportunities. PAF
calculations assume that exposure–cancer links are causal and that removing an exposure would
reduce risk without creating offsetting harms. They also require careful handling of correlated
exposures (for example, smoking and alcohol) and of data gaps where prevalence or effect estimates
are less precise. Even with these caveats, the analysis provides a transparent benchmark for
prevention planning: it identifies which risk factors dominate in a given region, which cancer sites
drive the absolute number of avoidable cases, and where prevention could complement screening and
early detection to produce the greatest population-level benefit.
41. Which main idea best matches the passage?
(A) Comparing new chemotherapy outcomes across continents
(B) Describing imaging tools for earlier tumor detection
(C) Explaining cancer mainly through inherited genetic traits
(D) Quantifying preventable cancer incidence across regions
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42. In this passage, “PAF” is best understood as .
(A) a reckoning of avoidable cases if the exposure were removed
(B) a laboratory index measuring genetic mutation frequency
(C) a clinical score predicting tumor stage at initial diagnosis
(D) a survival metric calculated after completing chemotherapy
43. In paragraph 3, “Such contrasts” most accurately refers to which of the following?
(A) Discrepancies between the researchers’ incidence-based PAF model.
(B) Divergences between the study’s PAF values and prior analyses for individual countries
(C) Large regional differences in the proportions of new cancers under modifiable risks
(D) Variation arising from grouping behavioral and occupational risk factors.
44. Which of the following is NOT reported in the passage?
(A) Infections were the leading attributable risk factor for women in most countries examined.
(B) The PAF calculation assumes a causal relationship between the exposure and cancer risk.
(C) The 2022 PAF estimates are compared with other decades to measure prevention progress.
(D) Tobacco smoking accounted for approximately 15.1% of all new cancer cases globally.
45. Which policy recommendation is best supported by the passage?
(A) Prioritize expansion of occupational safety standards as the dominant cancer prevention
intervention.
(B) Strengthen tobacco control alongside infection prevention and control as priority
interventions.
(C) Scale up population-based cancer screening to serve as the primary substitute for riskfactor reduction.
(D) Concentrate alcohol reduction programs in high-income regions, where consumption
levels are higher.
Passage D
Obesity has become a major public-health concern among young adults because it is associated
not only with excess body weight but also with abnormal blood lipid profiles, metabolic dysregulation,
and long-term cardiovascular risk. College students are a particularly important group because this
period is often when lifelong exercise habits are formed, yet academic pressure, sedentary routines,
irregular sleep, and unhealthy diets may increase obesity-related risks. One study compared two
exercise strategies for college students with obesity: high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and
moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). HIIT alternates demanding exercise with lowerintensity recovery periods, whereas MICT maintains a steadier aerobic intensity for a longer
continuous period. Although both approaches are widely used for weight control and cardiovascular
fitness, the researchers noted that direct comparisons in obese college students, especially with
attention to sex-based differences and biochemical indicators, remained limited.
The purpose of the study was to examine whether HIIT and MICT differ in their effects on weight,
body composition, lipid profiles, and metabolic health. Forty college students aged 18 to 25 with
obesity were included in the final analysis, with equal numbers of men and women. Participants were
randomly assigned to a HIIT or MICT group, and each group was further divided into male and female
subgroups. The intervention lasted eight weeks, with three treadmill-based sessions at night per week
on nonconsecutive days. The MICT group performed 35 minutes of continuous aerobic exercise at
60-70% of maximum heart rate. The HIIT group completed a shorter 28-minute session consisting of
four cycles: four minutes at 85-90% of maximum heart rate followed by three minutes of recovery at
50-60%. Heart-rate monitors and ratings of perceived exertion were used to check training intensity.
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To make the comparison fairer, the researchers estimated oxygen consumption so that the two exercise
protocols involved similar energy expenditure. Participants were also asked to maintain their usual
diet and daily routines, although formal food diaries were not used.
The researchers assessed changes in body morphology, body composition, and biochemical
markers before and after the intervention. Body-related measurements included weight, body mass
index (BMI), body fat percentage (BF%), waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-to-hip
ratio. Biochemical measurements included total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density
lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), alanine
aminotransferase (ALT), and uric acid (UA). These markers were important because obesity is often
accompanied by dyslipidemia, which refers to an abnormal lipid profile marked by elevated TC, TG,
and LDL-C and reduced HDL-C. ALT is relevant because elevated values may be associated with
obesity, metabolic syndrome, and liver-related metabolic stress, while UA reflects purine metabolism
and renal function.
The findings showed that both HIIT and MICT produced beneficial changes after eight weeks.
Participants in both groups generally reduced weight, BMI, waist and hip measurements, waist-tohip ratio, and BF%. However, HIIT produced a more favorable decline in body fat than MICT.
Reductions in BF% were larger in the HIIT subgroups than in the MICT subgroups, with female HIIT
participants showing the greatest proportional decrease. The study also found that improvements in
body-related indicators tended to be larger during the first four weeks than during the second four
weeks, suggesting that early adaptation to exercise may be especially visible before progress
gradually stabilizes. Despite these improvements, participants’ waist-to-hip ratios still remained
above normal Asian reference levels, indicating that central obesity was not fully resolved within
eight weeks.
Biochemical results also favored HIIT in several respects. Both exercise programs improved lipidrelated indicators, but HIIT was especially effective in reducing TG in both men and women. Male
HIIT participants also showed a larger reduction in LDL-C than male MICT participants. HDL-C
increased after training, while TC, TG, LDL-C, ALT, and UA generally decreased. The researchers
suggested several mechanisms for HIIT’s stronger effects, including greater excess post-exercise
oxygen consumption, increased fat oxidation, and stronger hormonal responses involving
catecholamines and growth hormone. These mechanisms may allow HIIT to create meaningful
metabolic benefits in less exercise time than MICT.
The study contributes evidence that HIIT may be a time-efficient intervention for improving body
composition and selected metabolic markers in obese college students. It also highlights the value of
examining sex-based differences and multiple health indicators rather than relying on body weight
alone. Nevertheless, the researchers acknowledged several limitations. The study did not include a
non-exercise control group, did not use rigorous dietary records such as 24-hour recalls, and involved
a relatively small sample. Future research should include better dietary monitoring, longer follow-up
periods, and a control group to clarify whether HIIT’s advantages persist over time.
46. According to the passage, which statement correctly describes the exercise protocols?
(A) HIIT used four high-intensity cycles; MICT used steady moderate exercise.
(B) HIIT required longer continuous sessions than MICT each training day.
(C) Both protocols were paired with formal supervised dietary restrictions.
(D) MICT alternated sprint intervals with low-intensity treadmill recovery.
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47. In the paragraph 3, “dyslipidemia” most nearly refers to .
(A) a temporary decrease in perceived exertion during exercise
(B) an abnormal lipid profile involving TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C
(C) a loss of muscle strength caused by high-intensity training
(D) an increase in oxygen use during recovery from exercise
48. Which statement is correct according to the passage?
(A) Formal 24-hour dietary recalls allowed researchers to eliminate dietary influence.
(B) MICT was superior for reducing body fat because sessions lasted seven minutes longer.
(C) HIIT showed stronger body-fat reductions, with the female HIIT subgroup better.
(D) The non-exercise control group proved that both interventions beat no exercise.
49. Which of the following outcomes or procedures is NOT mentioned in the passage?
(A) Researchers estimated each participant’s oxygen consumption at target heart rates to
equalize energy expenditure across groups.
(B) Body-composition improvements were more pronounced during the first four weeks than
during the final four weeks of the intervention.
(C) Heart-rate monitors and ratings of perceived exertion were used to verify that participants
maintained the intended training intensity.
(D) Blood samples were also analyzed for fasting glucose and insulin sensitivity, both of
which improved significantly more.
50. Which of the following statements is NOT correct according to the passage?
(A) Training sessions were scheduled three times per week on nonconsecutive days, and all
sessions were conducted in the evening on a motorized treadmill.
(B) To ensure a fair comparison, the two exercise protocols were executed so that participants
in both groups expended a similar estimated amount of energy per session.
(C) After completing the 8-week intervention, participants’ waist-to-hip ratios had dropped to
the normal reference range established for Asian adults of their age group.
(D) The researchers acknowledged that the absence of a non-exercise control group and the
lack of rigorous dietary monitoring were notable limitations of the study

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