34. Which of the following is generally NOT regarded as a coenzyme in enzyme-catalyzed reactions?
(A) ATP
(B) NADH
(C) FAD
(D) Heme
(E) acetyl-CoA

35. What chemical force does atomic force microscopy operate upon? (A) Hydrogen bond (B) Ionic force (C) Covalent bond (D) van der Waals (E) magnetic force

36. Which amino acid is often found at the water-lipid interface of a lipid bilayer? (A) Tyrosine (B) Phenylalanine (C) Arginine (D) Alanine (E) Valine

37. What is the highest amount of moles of acetyl-CoA that can be produced from a mole leucine after degradation? (A) 5 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 2 (E) 1

38. Which enzyme is it that causes homocitrullinuria when defect? (A) carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (B) ornithine transcarbamoylase (C) ornithine permease (D) argininosuccinate synthetase (E) arginase

39. What is the primary precursor molecule for the synthesis of steroid hormones in humans? (A) Glucose (B) Amino acids (C) Cholesterol (D) Fatty acids (E) Nucleic acids

40. Which of the following statements accurately describes the mechanism of peptide hormone-receptor interaction in signaling pathways? (A) Hormones directly enter the cell and bind to cytoplasmic receptors. (B) Hormones bind to cell surface receptors, initiating an intracellular signaling cascade. (C) Receptors are synthesized by the hormone and transported to the cell membrane. (D) Hormones and receptors undergo direct fusion for signal transduction. (E) Receptors are activated by physical contact with neighboring cells.

41. In the context of hormone signaling, what primary role does the second messenger cAMP (cyclic AMP) play? (A) Direct binding to hormone molecules. (B) Activation of receptor synthesis. (C) Amplification of intracellular signals. (D) Transport of hormones across the cell membranc. (E) Inhibition of the signal transduction pathway.

42. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of steroid hormone receptors? (A) They are primarily located on the cell membrane. (B) They typically bind to DNA and regulate gene expression. (C) They activate intracellular signaling cascades through G proteins. (D) They mediate their effects through second messengers like cAMP. (E) They are exclusively found in prokaryotic cells.

43. The anaerobic conversion of 1 mol of glucose to 2 mol of Iactate by fermentation is accompanied by a net gain of: (A) 2 mol ofATP+ 1 mol of NADH (B) 2 mol of ATP + 2 mol of NADH (C) 2 mol of NADH (D) 2 mol of ATP (E) none of the above

44. Which of the following coenzyme is NOT required by this enzyme complex to convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA? (A) Thiamine pyrophosphate (B) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (C) Lipoamide (D) Flavin adenine dinucleotide (E) none of the above

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