36. The word “alloy” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to:
(A) a mixture of two or more metals
(B) a chemical reaction to heat or cold
(C) a type of furnace for refining metals
(D) a mining technique in ancient Mesopotamia

37. According to paragraph 2, why did southern Mesopotamia depend on long-distance trade for bronze production? (A) The region lacked natural deposits of copper and tin. (B) Local rulers preferred imported goods for prestige reasons. (C) The region of southern Mesopotamia had no skilled metalworkers. (D) Trade routes in southern Mesopotamia were required by religious law.

38. Based on paragraph 3, why were workers in bronze workshops often paid in rations rather than wages? (A) Money at that time had not yet been invented in Mesopotamia. (B) Workers in the area still preferred payment in real goods over currency. (C) Rations allowed institutions to maintain closer supervision and control over production. (D) Rations in ancient Mesopotamia were strongly required by international trade agreements.

39. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about bronze workshops? (A) They operated independently of any political institution. (B) They were generally located far from cities to avoid royal interference. (C) They primarily produced agricultural tools rather than weapons or ceremonial items. (D) They were positioned near centers of power so that production could be closely monitored.

40. Why does the author mention the Early Dynastic period and the Neo-Assyrian Empire in paragraph 3? (A) To explain why bronze was eventually replaced by iron (B) To argue that bronze weapons became less important over time (C) To compare Mesopotamian warfare with that of other ancient civilizations (D) To show that the military significance of metal weapon production persisted across a long span of Mesopotamian history

41. According to the passage, what was one purpose of bronze statues and ceremonial objects commissioned by temples and rulers? (A) To serve as currency in trade with people in other regions (B) To visually reinforce a ruler’s connection to divine authority (C) To replace written records of royal decrees stored in palaces (D) To provide raw and quick material for producing future weapons

42. What does the author suggest in the final paragraph about the relationship between technology and political power in early states generally? (A) This relationship was unique to Mesopotamia and not observed elsewhere. (B) Most early states avoided relying on valuable materials to maintain power. (C) Complex, resource-demanding technologies often gave organized institutions a political advantage in many early societies. (D) Political power in early states in Mesopotamia was based primarily upon religious authority rather than material resources.

43. Which of the following best summarizes the central argument of the passage? (A) Artificial intelligence should be prohibited in all international sporting competitions. (B) Technological innovation has fundamentally changed both athletic performance and society's understanding of sporting excellence. (C) Modern athletes are physically superior to athletes from previous generations because of technological advances. (D) Economic inequality has become the only factor determining success in elite sports.

44. According to the passage, advocates of technological innovation in sport would most likely argue that __________ . (A) technology represents a radical departure from traditional athletic competition (B) sporting achievement has always depended, to some extent, on technological development (C) financial inequality has little effect on competitive outcomes (D) artificial intelligence should eventually replace human coaches

45. In Paragraph 4, the author introduces socioeconomic inequality primarily to __________ . (A) illustrate one criticism concerning unequal access to performance-enhancing technologies (B) demonstrate that poorer countries should avoid investing in elite sports (C) explain why technological innovation should be banned (D) compare amateur sports with professional competitions

46. The phrase "those decisions" in Paragraph 5 refers to __________ . (A) athletes' strategic choices made during competition (B) governments' decisions about sports funding (C) spectators' judgments regarding athletic excellence (D) engineers' design choices concerning wearable technologies

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