4. Which element has the greatest second ionization energy?
(A) Mg
(B) Ca
(C) K
(D) Na
(E) Al

5. Rank the following bonds in order of increasing ionic character: N–O, Ca–O, C–F, Br–Br, K– F. (A) N–O < Br–Br < C–F < K–F < Ca–O (B) Br–Br < C–F < N–O < Ca–O < K–F (C) Br–Br < N–O < Ca–O < C–F < K–F (D) N–O < C–F < Br–Br < Ca–O < K–F (E) Br–Br < N–O < C–F < Ca–O < K–F

6. Which of the following statement is true? (A) It is impossible to satisfy the octet rule in XeF2. (B) Because SF4 exists, OF4 should also exist because O and S are in the same family. (C) In O3, one O-O bond is stronger than the other. (D) All elements with n = 2 must obey octet rule. (E) CO3 2- keep switching among three resonance structures.

7. Order the following from shortest to longest bond: C2, B2, H2, N2 (A) H2, N2, C2, B2 (B) C2, N2, H2, B2 (C) N2, C2, B2, H2 (D) C2, B2, H2, N2 (E) none of these

8. Which orbitals below form bonding molecular orbitals? I. + II. - III. + IV. - V. + VI. + (A) I and III (B) I, III, and V (C) I, IV, and V (D) I, IV, V, and VI (E) I, III, V, and VI

9. How many of the following are predicted to be stable diatomic species according to the molecular orbital (MO) model? H2 +, H2, H2 - , H2 2- , N2 2- , O2 2- , F2 2- (A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5 (E) 6

10. Which of the following observation is explained by molecular orbital (MO) theory? (A) H2 is stable but He2 is not. (B) NO+ is more stable than NO- . (C) N2 has a very high bond energy. (D) B2 and O2 are paramagnetic but C2, N2, and F2 are diamagnetic. (E) All of above.

11. An aqueous solution of silver nitrate is added to an aqueous solution of potassium chromate, and this reaction produces a solid. What is the formula for the solid? (A) AgCrO4 (B) KNO3 (C) K2NO3 (D) AgK (E) Ag2CrO4

12. When the following reaction is balanced in acidic solution, what is the coefficient of water? Zn(s) + NO3 –(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + NH4 +(aq) (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) none of these

13. Which of the following statements is(are) true? (A) In exothermic reactions, the reactants are lower in potential energy than the products. (B) The heat of reaction and change in enthalpy can always be used interchangeably. (C) Enthalpy is a state function. (D) A chemist takes the point of view of the surroundings when determining the sign for work or heat. (E) At least two of these statements are true.

14. When increase pure water temperature, which is wrong? (A) pH remains 7. (B) [H+] increases. (C) [H+] = [OH- ] (D) The solubility of NaCl increases. (E) The conductivity increases.

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