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(A) with regard to
(B) in spite of
(C) except for
(D) along with

By far some of the most prestigious centers of European learning today stand where they were founded eight hundred years ago: Oxford and Cambridge in England; the University of Paris in France; the University of Bologna in Italy. 迄今一些最有聲望的歐洲學習中心800年以來一直屹立不搖：如在英國的牛津和劍僑、法國的巴黎大學、義大利的波隆那大學。  European universities developed in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries along with the emergence of city life. 隨著城市生活的出現，歐洲的大學在12世紀末到13世紀初期發展了起來。  Earlier medieval schools were most often associated with the monasteries, which were perforce situated in rural areas.
中世紀初期，學校通常都和位在農村地區的修道院一起。

As cities grew in importance, schools also developed at urban monasteries or under the aegis of bishops whose cathedrals were in the towns.
隨著城市的重要性日益增加，學校也在城市的修道院中或在城鎮教堂的主教支持下發展下來。

The cathedral school was a direct offshoot of the increasing importance of towns and the increasing power of bishops, the spiritual leaders of town life.
隨著城鎮地位的重要性增加，及城鎮生活精神領袖的主教權力日益增強下，大教堂學校衍然是這些城鎮和權力下的直屬分支機構。

In Italy, town life had been relatively strong throughout the early Middle Ages, so there was a tradition of schools which were controlled by the common people.
在義大利，中世紀初期的城鎮生活是相對強盛，因此傳統上是由一般人民來掌管學校。

The center of medical studies in Salerno and the law faculty of Bologna had been in secular hands since the tenth century.
如從十世紀以來就有的薩萊諾醫學研究中心和波隆那大學法學院就是被修道院士所掌管的。

 (A) with regard to 關於
(B) in spite of 不管
(C) except for 除了…以外
(D) along with 與…在一起