41. Which of the following disease is associated with protein misfolding?
(A) Alzheimer’s disease
(B) Parkinson's disease
(C) Mad cow disease
(D) All of the above

42. Which of the following lipoproteins is primarily responsible for transporting cholesterol from surrounding tissues to the liver or steroidogenic organs? (A) VLDL (B) LDL (C) IDL (D) HDL

43. Which description for fatty acid oxidation is NOT correct? (A) Fatty acid oxidation occurs in mitochondria. (B) Fatty acid oxidation is the primary source of energy for many tissues, including the central nervous system and circulating red blood cells. (C) Fatty acid oxidation defects can cause metabolic abnormalities. (D) Fatty acid oxidation is regulated by metabolites and hormones.

44. Which description for the biological membrane is NOT correct? (A) Cell membrane lipid constituents include phospholipids, glycosphingolipids, and cholesterol. (B) Cell membrane protein constituents include glycoproteins and lipid-linked proteins. (C) The constituent lipid and protein molecules are held together by a covalent bond in the membrane. (D) Membranes are fluid structures.

45. Which of the following does NOT cross a cellular membrane without transporters or channels? (A) (B) (C) (D) All of the above

46. Which of the following is a second messenger molecule that can activate protein kinase A (PKA) in eukaryotes? (A) Cyclic AMP (B) Cyclic GMP (C) Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) (D) Diacylglycerol (DAG)

47. Which of the following metabolisms can NOT be regulated by protein kinase A (PKA)? (A) Enhance lipolysis in adipocyte (B) Enhance glycogenesis in skeletal muscle (C) Enhance glycogenolysis in liver (D) Enhance gluconeogenesis in liver

48. Which ions are required for the glucose symporter transporter in the intestinal epithelium? (A) (B) (C) (D)

49. How many fatty acid molecules do a phosphatidylcholine (PC) of plasma membrane have? (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) None of above

50. Which of the following molecule does NOT affect membrane fluidity? (A) Sphingomyelin (B) Triglyceride (C) Cholesterol (D) Glycosphingolipids

51. Which description for receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) is NOT correct? (A) RTKs is a family of plasma membrane receptors with protein kinase activity. (B) RTKs transduce extracellular signals through a mechanism similar to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). (C) RTKs have a ligand-binding domain on the extracellular face of the plasma membrane. (D) RTKs have an enzyme active site on the cytoplasmic face.

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