44. Uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation:
(A) slows the conversion of glucose to pyruvate by glycolysis.
(B) allows continued mitochondrial ATP formation but halts O₂ consumption.
(C) halts all mitochondrial metabolism.
(D) slows down the citric acid cycle.
(E) halts mitochondrial ATP formation but allows continued O₂ consumption.

40. Which one is incorrect regarding the rate limiting steps of lipid metabolism? (A) Carnitine acyltransferase I in β oxidation. (B) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase in fatty acid synthesis. (C) HMG reductase in phosphatidylcholine synthesis. (D) Phosphatidic acid phosphatase in phospholipid synthesis. (E) Serine palmitoyltransferase in sphingolipid synthesis.

41. Which one is incorrect regarding the intermediates and precursors in lipid metabolism? (A) Cis-Δ² enoyl CoA in β oxidation. (B) Mevalonate in cholesterol synthesis. (C) Phosphatidic acid in glycerolphospholipid synthesis. (D) Serine and palmitoyl-CoA in sphingolipid synthesis. (E) Δ³-Isopentenyl pyrophosphate is the precursor of vitamin A, E, K.

42. Which molecule contains an phosphoanhydride bond? (A) DNA. (B) RNA. (C) UMP. (D) ADP. (E) cAMP.

43. In the TCA cycle, carbon enters the cycle as ____ and exits as with metabolic energy captured as ____. (A) malonyl-CoA； water； NADH； [FADH2]； ATP (B) acetyl-CoA； CO2； ATP； NADH； [FADH2] (C) succinyl-CoA； CO2； ATP； NADH； NADPH (D) malonate； water； NADH； ATP； NADPH (E) acetyl-CoA； CO2； NADH； ATP； NADPH

45. Glutamine synthetase plays an important role in the incorporation of ammonia into glutamine. Which of the following post-translational modification controls the activity of glutamine synthetase? (A) Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. (B) Adenylation/deadenylation. (C) Acetylation/deacetylation. (D) Methylation/demethylation. (E) None of the above.

46. Chorismate is an important precursor in the synthesis of all of the following   except  : (A) vitamin K. (B) folic acid. (C) arginine. (D) tyrosine. (E) tryptophan.

47. Which of the following statement about homocysteine is   not   true: (A) It is a homologue of cysteine, differing by addition of methylene bridge (-CH2-). (B) It is found in some proteins. (C) It is biosynthesized from methionine by the removal of its terminal Ce methyl group. (D) It can be recycled into methionine or converted into cysteine with the aid of certain B-vitamins. (E) It is a possible risk factor for coronary artery disease.

48. Considered the following saturated fatty acid, how many β-oxidation cycle does it need to completely metabolize the above fatty acid to acetyl-CoA?  (A) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. (D) 6. (E) 12.

49. Considered the following transamination reaction in amino acid biosynthesis, what amino acid would be produced?  (A) Glu. (B) Asp. (C) Gln. (D) Thr. (E) Arg.

50. Given the saturated fatty acid shown below, how many ATPs can be produced when it is completely metabolized?  Some useful info: i. In the TCA cycle, one Acetyl-CoA gives 3 moles of NADH, 1 mole of FADH2, and 1 mole of GTP. ii. One mole of NADH produces 2.5 mole of ATP.  iii. One mole of FADH2 produces 1.5 mole of ATP. (A) 30. (B) 34. (C) 36. (D) 50. (E) 52.