46. What is the Vietnamese original term for lacquer painting?
(A) Hanoi
(B) Quoc ngu
(C) Song Mai
(D) Tran Van Can

The Vietnamese Son M...

*lacquer（用於木材或金屬表面的）漆，亮漆
a liquid that is painted on wood or metal and forms a hard, shiny surface when it dries

*medium
媒介；方法，手段
a method or way of expressing something
the broadcasting/print medium
They told the story through the medium of dance.
中間的；中等的；適中的
being in the middle between an upper and lower amount, size, degree, or value
a girl of medium height
a medium-sized book
（肉）煮得適中的，中等熟度的
(of meat) cooked so that it is no longer red in the middle
Would you like your steak rare, medium, or well done?
靈媒，巫師
a person who says that they can receive messages from people who are dead
媒介物，媒質
a substance that something grows in, lives in, or moves through
Compost is an excellent growing medium.

*decorative裝飾性的，用作裝潢的
made to look attractive
a decorative display of plants and flowers
a mirror in a decorative frame

*handicraft手工藝

*nascence新生、萌芽

*aspiration志向，抱負；渴望達到的目標
something that you hope to achieve
I've never had any political aspirations.
It's a story about the lives and aspirations of poor Irish immigrants.

*stirring
（演說或歌曲）令人內心澎湃的，激動人心的
A stirring speech or song is one that produces strong, positive emotions.
（情感、想法等的）萌發，萌生
the beginning of something, such as an emotion or thought
She felt a faint stirring of envy when she heard that one of her colleagues had been promoted.

*modernization現代化

*connoisseur（藝術品、食品、飲料等的）鑒賞家，鑒定家，行家
a person who knows a lot about and enjoys one of the arts, or food, drink, etc. and can judge quality and skill in that subject
a wine/art connoisseur
a connoisseur of ballet/cigars

*genre（尤指藝術的）風格，類型，體裁
a style, especially in the arts, that involves a particular set of characteristics
What genre does the book fall into - comedy or tragedy?
a literary/musical/film genre

*embellish裝飾，修飾；給…錦上添花，渲染
to make something more beautiful or interesting by adding something to it
The ceiling was embellished with flowers and leaves.
He couldn't resist embellishing the story of his accident a little.

*archaeological考古學

*coincidence
同時發生；（尤指令人吃驚的）巧合，碰巧的事
an occasion when two or more similar things happen at the same time, especially in a way that is unlikely and surprising
You chose exactly the same wallpaper as us - what a coincidence!
Is it just a coincidence that the wife of the man who ran the competition won first prize?
偶然的機遇，運氣
chance or luck
Just by coincidence, I met my old schoolmate again 50 years later.
It was pure/sheer coincidence that I remembered his phone number.
By some strange coincidence, he was passing the house just when it happened.

*allied同盟的

*westernize西方化

*modernize西方化

*perception感知能力

*initiative
倡議；新措施
a new plan or process to achieve something or solve a problem
The peace initiative was welcomed by both sides.
主動性；自主決斷行事的能力
the ability to use your judgment to make decisions and do things without needing to be told what to do
Although she was quite young, she showed a lot of initiative and was promoted to manager after a year.
I shouldn't always have to tell you what to do, use your initiative (= use your own judgment to decide what to do)!

*usher引導；引領；把…引往
to show someone where they should go, or to make someone go where you want them to go
She ushered us into her office and offered us coffee.
Officials quickly ushered the protesters out of the hall.

*ripe
（果實或莊稼）成熟的
(of fruit or crops) completely developed and ready to be collected or eaten
Those bananas aren't ripe yet - they're still green.
（起司）熟透的，口味濃鬱的
Ripe cheese has developed a strong flavour.
This brie smells good and ripe.
刺鼻的；難聞的
A ripe smell is strong and unpleasant.
There was a ripe smell from his socks.
（語言）粗俗的，下流的
used to describe language that is rude
a ripe joke

*resin人工合成樹脂

*coating厚厚一層

資料來源：劍橋辭典

漆器作為藝術家媒介的發展是20世紀越南藝術界最重要的成就之一。儘管中國生產了帶有風景和傳統裝飾意象的漆屏風，但藝術家漆藝的媒介並沒有吸引力。在其他有傳統漆器工藝生產的國家，情況似乎也是如此。因此，藝術家只在越南轉向漆器。那些走在這一新生前沿的藝術家們懷著這樣的夢想，即​​這將成為越南在其中脫穎而出的一種媒介，並且他們可以聲稱自己是自己的。這些願望可以看作是民族主義和現代化雙重刺激的產物。七十年過去了，那些先鋒藝術家已經死了。越南美術博物館，特別是河內，以及較小程度上的胡志明市，都有一批早期的代表性漆畫。除了相對較小的鑑賞家圈子外，該流派在越南以外並不為人所知。應該注意，“漆畫”的翻譯可能會產生誤導。漆畫雖然是用毛筆塗抹的，但漆畫的精髓在於畫家對漆的打磨或打磨的技巧，以顯露其下的形象。越南的 Son Mai（磨漆）準確地描述了這個過程。不幸的是，在英語中沒有對應的術語。漆畫是最近才發展起來的，僅限於越南，考慮到自古以來，漆就被用來裝飾宗教和家居用品，這似乎很了不起。最近的考古發現還表明，越南使用漆器已有數千年的歷史。因此，過去七十年來，漆器作為一種媒介，一直以勤奮和自豪的方式培育起來。漆是一種困難且耗時的媒介，製作一幅畫可能需要多年的工作。自 20 世紀第二季度以來，藝術家對這種媒介的使用起源於北方。它發生在這個時候並非巧合。它與現代技術的傳播、市場經濟的發展以及越南獲得教育和出國旅行的更廣泛機會有關。 1930 年，以 Quoc ngu（羅馬化文字）出版的報紙、書籍和雜誌的大量增加，帶來了一種新的文學作品，其中大部分集中在對某些問題的辯論，例如傳統與變革。這些發展的影響在城市中心最為明顯。在河內，有一種西化和現代化的趨勢。毫不奇怪，正是在河內，藝術家們首先將漆器作為一種媒介來表達他們對當前發展的看法。正是在這一時期，印度支那美術學院於 1925 年在河內成立。學校是在法國藝術家維克多·塔爾迪厄 (Victor Tardieu) 的倡議下成立的，第一批學生於 1930 年畢業。學生們接受了歐洲繪畫風格的指導。但除了提供油畫指導外，還鼓勵學生嘗試漆器和絲綢等傳統媒介。這是第一次在傳統的行會系統之外提供這種性質的正式教學計劃。這種環境迎來了漆器工藝品古老傳統的變革。新技術、色彩、生產工藝和空間使用理念帶來了觀念上的變化，也為藝術家提供了漆作為媒介的可能性打開了一扇窗。時機成熟了，當時才華橫溢的年輕藝術家們熱情地抓住了以這種新方式使用漆器的機會。 1932 年，學生 Tran Van Can 的一幅畫上使用的漆與松脂混合，而不是傳統使用的扁樹油。時機成熟了，當時才華橫溢的年輕藝術家們熱情地抓住了以這種新方式使用漆器的機會。這種組合更有效地保持漆層和顏色，當表面拋光時，圖像更清晰地顯示出來。據說這一發現標誌著藝術家使用漆器作為媒介的轉折點。它進一步激發了致力於新媒體的藝術家的新想法。