47 Which of the following organizations advocates living without violence to other creatures?
(A) American Vegan Society.
(B) British Vegan Society.
(C) American Dietetic Association.
(D) Dietitians of Canada.

以下哪些組織主張不與其他生物一起生活？

（A）美國素食協會。

（B）英國素食協會。

（C）美國飲食協會。

（D）加拿大營養師。

H. Jay Dinshah開創了美國素食社會，將素食主義與避免對生物的暴力概念聯繫起來。

The term vegan was coined（coin翻譯：硬幣；金屬貨幣, （統稱）硬幣, 發明, 創造，杜撰（新詞或新的表達方式）；首次使用（某一詞語）, 錢。） in England in 1944 by Donald Watson, co-founder of the British Vegan Society, to mean “non-dairy非乳製（dairy翻譯：奶製品、製酪場；牛奶公司）vegetarian”; the society also opposed不同、反對 he consumption消耗 of eggs. In 1951, the society extended延伸 the definition解釋 of veganism to mean “the doctrine（尤指政治或宗教的）信條 that man should live without exploiting開拓、利用 animals,” and in 1960, H. Jay Dinshah started the American Vegan Society, linking veganism to the concept原則；概念 of avoidance避免 of violence against living things.

Veganism is a small but growing movement運動. In many countries, the number of vegan restaurants is increasing. Also, some of the top athletes in certain endurance sports—for instance, the Ironman triathlon鐵人三項 and the ultramarathon超馬拉松賽—practice veganism, including Raw Veganism生素食主義.

well planned詳盡規劃 vegan diets have been found to offer protection against certain degenerative（疾病）變性的 conditions, including heart disease, and are regarded by the American Dietetic營養學 Association and dietitians飲食保健專家 of Canada as appropriate for all stages of the life cycle生命週期. Vegan diets tend to be higher in dietary fibre纖維素（dietary翻譯：飲食 / fiber中文:纖維）, vitamin C, vitamin E, iron, and Phytochemicals植化素, and lower in calories, saturated fat飽和脂肪（saturate翻譯：弄濕, 使濕透；浸透；滲透, 充滿, 使充滿；使飽和, 飽和脂肪）, cholesterol膽固醇, vitamin D, calcium（化學元素）鈣, zinc, and vitamin B12. Because uncontaminated＝未沾染 plant foods do not provide vitamin B12 (which is produced by microorganisms微生物, such as bacteria), vegans should eat foods fortified（尤指為防禦而）加強 with B12 or take a daily supplement.

and in 1960, H. Jay Dinshah started the American Vegan Society, linking veganism to the concept of avoidance of violence against living things.

1960 年，H. Jay Dinshah 創立了美國素食協會，將素食主義與避免對生物施加暴力的概念聯繫起來。

advocate

vt.擁護；提倡；主張[+v-ing]

Which of the following organizations advocates living without violence to other creatures?
(A) American Vegan Society.
(B) British Vegan Society.
(C) American Dietetic Association.
(D) Dietitians of Canada.

以下哪個組織提倡不對其他生物施暴？
(A) 美國素食協會。
(B) 英國素食協會。
(C) 美國飲食協會。
(D) 加拿大營養師。