49. Based on the passage, what is the author’s view on the relationship between identity and consumerism?
(A) Identity is strictly biological and unaffected by economic systems.
(B) Consumer choice enhances individual autonomy and personal value.
(C) Consumerism has helped people move away from materialistic identities.
(D) Modern identities have become closely tied to the goods individuals own.

45. Which statement best reflects the author’s primary position in the final paragraph? (A) AI should replace traditional literacy practices in higher education. (B) AI use is unavoidable and therefore should not be restricted. (C) Higher education must preserve practices that foster independent, cognitively mature thinkers. (D) More advanced technological resources in universities could improve students’ AI literacy.

46. The author’s emphasis on “economic insecurity” in paragraph 1 primarily serves to _____. (A) explain why consumer debt was historically common (B) suggest that frugality is encouraged by religious beliefs (C) contrast survival-oriented societies with consumer-oriented ones (D) argue that scarcity inevitably produces social stability

47. Which assumption about human desire underlies the author’s description of early marketing in Britain in paragraph 2? (A) Desire for goods increases naturally as income rises. (B) Envy and aspiration can be cultivated through social comparison. (C) Consumer tastes are determined mainly by cultural traditions. (D) Fashion functions independently of economic structures.

48. According to paragraph 3, what was one advantage of radio and television as marketing tools? (A) They required audiences to have high levels of media literacy. (B) They were originally used to promote educational and entertaining contents. (C) They were the primary and cheap marketing channels during the Great Depression. (D) They could reach audiences emotionally without needing advanced literacy.

50. Which of the following best expresses the author’s overall view of modern consumerism? (A) It was deliberately constructed to sustain economic growth. (B) It arose unintentionally from technological progress. (C) It was a beneficial development due to labor shortages. (D) It primarily reflected individual consumer choices.

1. The host range of a virus is determined by (A) the enzymes carried by the virus. (B) whether its nucleic acid is DNA or RNA. (C) the proteins in the host's cytoplasm. (D) the enzymes produced by the virus before it infects the cell. (E) the proteins on its surface and that of the host.

2. Most molecular biologists think that viruses originated from fragments of cellular nucleic acid. Which of the following observations supports this theory? (A) Viruses contain either DNA or RNA. (B) Viruses are enclosed in protein capsids rather than plasma membranes. (C) Viruses can reproduce only inside host cells. (D) Viruses can infect both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (E) Viral genomes are usually similar to the genome of the host cell.

3. Why are yeast cells frequently used as hosts for cloning? (A) They easily form colonies. (B) They can remove exons from mRNA. (C) They do not have plasmids. (D) They are eukaryotic cells. (E) Only yeast cells allow the gene to be cloned.

4. Why is it so important to be able to amplify DNA fragments when studying genes? (A) DNA fragments are too small to use individually. (B) A gene may represent only a millionth of the cell's DNA. (C) Restriction enzymes cut DNA into fragments that are too small. (D) A clone requires multiple copies of each gene per clone. (E) It is important to have multiple copies of DNA in the case of laboratory error.

5. Carl Woese and collaborators identified two major branches of prokaryotic evolution. What was the basis for dividing prokaryotes into two domains? (A) microscopic examination of staining characteristics of the cell wall (B) metabolic characteristics such as the production of methane gas (C) metabolic characteristics such as chemoautotrophy and photosynthesis (D) genetic characteristics such as ribosomal RNA sequences (E) ecological characteristics such as the ability to survive in extreme environments