49. The cells and signaling molecules involved in the initial stages of the inflammatory response are ________.
(A) phagocytes and cytokines
(B) dendritic cells and interferons
(C) mast cells and histamines
(D) lymphocytes and interferons

1. What is the major structural difference between starch and glycogen?(A) the types of monosaccharide subunits in the molecules(B) the type of glycosidic linkages in the molecule(C) whether glucose is in the α or β form(D) the amount of branching that occurs in the molecule

複選題2. What makes lipids/fats hydrophobic? (A) their long carbon skeleton (B) the carboxy1 group at one end of the molecule (C) the glycerol moiety (D) presence of relatively nonpolar C–H bonds

3. Which of the following is a major difference between RNA and DNA? (A) type of sugar (B) type of phosphate (C) type of purines (D) type of glycosidic bond

4. Use the following information to answer the question below. The figure illustrates the energy states associated with the reaction A + B C+ D. Which of the following terms best describes the forward reaction in the figure? (A) endergonic,△G＞0 (B) exergonic,△G＜0 (C) endergonic,△G＜0 (D) exergonic, △G ＞0

複選題5. Which of the following statements describes a central role that ATP plays in cellular metabolism? (A) Hydrolysis of ATP provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions. (B) ATP provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions. (C) Hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate group stores free energy that is used for cellular work. (D) Its terminal phosphate bond is stronger than most covalent bonds in other biological macromolecules.

6. Which of the following statements about enzyme function is true? (A) Enzyme function is generally increased if the three-dimensional structure or conformation of an enzyme is altered. (B) Enzyme function is independent of physical and chemical environmental factors such as pH and temperature. (C) Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy barriers. (D) Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions by providing activation energy to the substrate.

7. Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through ___________. (A) plasmodesmata (B) tight junctions (C) desmosomes (D) gap junctions

8. A mutation that disrupts the ability of an animal cell to add polysaccharide modifications to proteins would most likely cause defects in which of the following organelles or structures? (A) nuclear matrix and extracellular matrix (B) mitochondria and Golgi apparatus (C) Golgi apparatus and extracellular matrix (D) nuclear pores and secretory vesicles

9. Cilia and flagella bend because of ________.(A) conformational changes in ATP that thrust microtubules laterally (B) a motor protein called radial spokes (C) contraction by myosin (D) a motor protein called dynein

10. In an Covid-19-infected cell producing Covid-19 virus particles, the viral glycoprotein is expressed on the plasma membrane. How do the viral glycoproteins get to the plasma membrane? They are synthesized________. (A) on ribosomes on the plasma membrane (B) by ribosomes in the rough ER and arrive at the plasma membrane in the membrane of secretory vesicles (C) on free cytoplasmic ribosomes and then inserted into the plasma membrane (D) by ribosomes in the rough ER, secreted from the cell, and inserted into the plasma membrane from the outside

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