58. The acetylcholine receptor is a ligand-gated channel that produces
(A) Depolarization by allowing Na⁺ ions to enter the muscle fiber.
(B) Hyperpolarization by allowing Na⁺ ions to exit the muscle fiber.
(C) Depolarization by allowing Cl^-ions to enter the muscle fiber.
(D) Depolarization by allowing K⁺ ions to leave the muscle fiber.

59. Teeth aren't exactly bones, but they're made up of similar tissues and are subject to the same problems bones may have. In what way(s) do you predict the disease rickets might affect teeth? (A) Periodontal disease: Redness and swelling elicited by bacterial infection of the gums. (B) Delayed formation: The baby teeth may not erupt until after one year. When they erupt, they may be smaller than normal. (C) Increased likelihood of cavities: Low vitamin C status prevents sufficient mineralization, allowing infection to establish on the teeth. (D) Canker sores: Painful mouth sores associated with bacteria and/or viruses.

60. Contraction of the muscles surrounding an arteriole that decreased its diameter by 50% would (A) increase the resistance in the arteriole approximately 16-fold. (B) decrease the resistance in the arteriole approximately 16-fold. (C) increase the resistance in the arteriole by approximately 50%. (D) decrease the resistance in the arteriole approximately 50%.

61. What formula correctly represents the behavior of CO2 in the blood? (A) CO2 + H2O « H2CO3 + CO (B) CO2 + H+ « HCO3 + « H2O + H2CO3 (C) CO2 + HCO3 - « H+ + H2O + H2CO3 (D) CO2 + H2O « H2CO3 « HCO3 - + H+

62. Which structure of the reproductive system is treated as needing special protection during hemorrhage, much like the brain or heart? (A) Placenta (B) Ovaries (C) Testes (D) Uterus

63. After an animal has a hemorrhage, where does the fluid portion of blood come from, as blood volume is restored? (A) Interstitial fluid (B) Bone marrow (C) Intestines (D)Stomach

64. Why is a drop in blood pressure potentially dangerous? (A) Active cells, like those in the brain, need a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients. (B) Once pressure drops, it can take hours to increase it again. (C) Low blood pressure leads to gas bubbles in the blood that can cause a stroke or the “bends”. (D) If pressure is not high enough, blood vessels collapse and can become stuck closed.

65. What is peristalsis? (A) a process of fat emulsification in the small intestine (B) voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating defecation (C) the transport of nutrients to the liver through the hepatic portal vein (D) smooth muscle contractions that move food through the alimentary canal

66. Cats cannot synthesize the amino acid taurine. This means that in cats, taurine (A) is not a required nutrient. (B) is an essential amino acid. (C) must be stored in cellular compartments. (D) is not present in their normal diet.

67. "Gluconeogenesis" is the process in which (A) glucose levels are increased in the blood through the breakdown of carbohydrates. (B) glucose levels are decreased in the blood through the breakdown of carbohydrates. (C) glucose levels are increased in the blood by synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources. (D) glucose levels are decreased in the blood by synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources.

68. The energy expenditure of a mammal at rest, in the postabsorptive state, and at a standard temperature is referred to as its (A) basal metabolic rate. (B) standardized metabolic rate. (C) baseline metabolic rate. (D) activated metabolic rate.

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