6. Which of the following would be considered a biosynthetic pathway?
(A) glycolysis
(B) glycogen synthesis
(C) fatty acid -oxidation
(D) citric acid cycle
(E) electron transport

2. The fatty acid designated 18:2c9,12 is best described as a _______ fatty acid. (A) saturated (B) unsaturated (C) polyunsaturated (D) hydrogenated (E) partially hydrogenated

3. When glucagon binds to its receptor on a liver cell, which of the following sequence of events occurs to activate protein kinase A? (A) activation of adenylate cyclase, activation of G protein, production of cAMP (B) activation of G protein, activation of adenylate cyclase, production of cAMP (C) activation of G protein, production of cAMP, activation of adenylate cyclase (D) production of cAMP, activation of adenylate cyclase, activation of G protein (E) none of the above

4. For each molecule of acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle, which of the following best represents the net products of the cycle? (A) 2 CO2, 2 NADH, 2 FADH2, 1 GTP, 1 oxaloacetate (B) 1 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 GTP, 1 oxaloacetate (C) 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP, 0 oxaloacetate (D) 1 CO2, 2 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 GTP, 0 oxaloacetate (E) 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP, 1 oxaloacetate

5.Which of the following is the most important regulatory enzyme in fatty acid synthesis? (A) citrate lyase (B) malic enzyme (C) acetyl-CoA carboxylase (D) acetyl-CoA-ACP transacylase (E) malonyl-CoA-ACP transacylase

7. What is the oxidant in the following reaction? (A) ethanol (B) NAD+ (C) acetaldehyde (D) NADH (E) H+

8. What is the source of acetyl-CoA for the glyoxylate cycle? (A) pyruvate (B) amino acids (C) fatty acids (D) cholesterol (E) all of the above

9. Lactose, the disaccharide of galactose and glucose, is synthesized from which of the following activated monosaccharides? (A) uridine triphosphate glucose (B) uridine triphosphate galactose (C) uridine diphosphate glucose (D) uridine diphosphate galactose (E) none of the above

10. Which of the following coenzymes is required for the decarboxylation of pyruvate by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? (A) thiamine pyrophosphate (B) coenzyme A (C) lipoic acid (D) NAD+ (E) FAD

11. Which of the following causes denaturation of a protein when disulfide bonds are present? (A) heat (B) pH changes (C) reducing agent (D) detergent (E) all of the above

複選題12.Which of the following leads to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques? (A) non-specific interactions between LDL particles (B) oxidation of LDL particles resulting in cross linking with proteins (C) uptake of oxidized LDL particles by macrophages (D) excess uptake of LDL particles converting endothelial cells to foam cells (E) none of the above