8. The indusium of Polypodiopsida is a:
(A) cluster of sporangia.
(B) leaf outgrowth covering a sorus.
(C)leaf outgrowth covering a prothallus.
(D) megaphyll.
(E) "fiddlehead."

4. Red tides are dangerous because the: (A) dinoflagellates cause them to produce a strong neurotoxin. (B) euglenoids cause them to produce a toxin that causes severe flulike symptoms. (C)green algae cause them to produce a severe allergic reaction in most people. (D) diatoms cause them to produce severe gastric distress. (E) red algae that cause them can disrupt shipping by clogging propellers.

5. In ascomycetes, plasmogamy occurs within the: (A) antheridium. (B) crozier. (C) ascogonium. (D) ascogenous bypha. (E) trichogyne.

6. Rhizoids of mosses: (A) provide anchorage to the gametophore. (B) absorb water for the rest of the plant. (C) absorb minerals for the rest of the plant. (D) have chloroplasts. (E) conduct water and minerals for the rest of the plant.

7. If you cut a cross section through the shoot apex of a moss, you might find: (A) an apical cell shaped like an inverted pyramid. (B) microgametangia. (C) megagametangia. (D) protoxylem and protophloem. (E) several layers of substantially differentiated tissues.

9. Betalains are red pigments found in beets and other members of the order Caryophyllales (cacti, carnations, nths, and most carnivorous plants). This pigment is not found in other groups, and the Cary derived from a common ancestor. The presence of betalain pigment in members of this group is a: (A) homoplasy. (B) synapomorpby. (C) clear indication that the group is polyphyletic. (D) All of these are correct.

10. Megaphylls evolved from: (A) microphylls that became more elaborate due to hormonal interactions. (B) enations that became vascularized. (C) spines that became vascularized. (D) three-dimensional branching systems that became planated and webbed. (E) the elaboration of ligules.

11. In the antenna complex, light energy is transferred from one pigment molecule to another by: (A) pigment activation. (B) fluorescence. (C) resonance energy transfer. (D) reduction. (E) oxidation.

12. Which of the following statements about the Calvin cycle is FALSE? (A) It requires more ATP than NADPH. (B) Each reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. (C) It regenerates ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate. (D) It fixes CO2. (E) It uses ATP from noncyclic, but not cyclic, photophosphorylation.

13. On a per unit basis, which of the following would be the most expensive to build energetically? (A) A moss plant that is entirely parenchyma. (B) A herbaceous plant that consists mainly of parenchyma, collenchyma, and vascular tissue. (C) A cactus that consists mainly of parenchyma but also contains vascular tissue and sclerenchymatous spines. (D) A woody plant composed mainly of xylem, plus some parenchyma and phloem. (E) An aquatic plant that contains mainly aerenchyma, in addition to vascular tissue.

14. The stem-like axis above the cotyledon(s) is the: (A) epicotyl. (B) hypocotyl. (C) plumule. (D) funiculus. (E) radicle.