8. The indusium of Polypodiopsida is a:
(A) cluster of sporangia.
(B) leaf outgrowth covering a sorus.
(C)leaf outgrowth covering a prothallus.
(D) megaphyll.
(E) "fiddlehead."

9. Betalains are red pigments found in beets and other members of the order Caryophyllales (cacti, carnations, nths, and most carnivorous plants). This pigment is not found in other groups, and the Cary derived from a common ancestor. The presence of betalain pigment in members of this group is a: (A) homoplasy. (B) synapomorpby. (C) clear indication that the group is polyphyletic. (D) All of these are correct.

10. Megaphylls evolved from: (A) microphylls that became more elaborate due to hormonal interactions. (B) enations that became vascularized. (C) spines that became vascularized. (D) three-dimensional branching systems that became planated and webbed. (E) the elaboration of ligules.

11. In the antenna complex, light energy is transferred from one pigment molecule to another by: (A) pigment activation. (B) fluorescence. (C) resonance energy transfer. (D) reduction. (E) oxidation.

12. Which of the following statements about the Calvin cycle is FALSE? (A) It requires more ATP than NADPH. (B) Each reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. (C) It regenerates ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate. (D) It fixes CO2. (E) It uses ATP from noncyclic, but not cyclic, photophosphorylation.

13. On a per unit basis, which of the following would be the most expensive to build energetically? (A) A moss plant that is entirely parenchyma. (B) A herbaceous plant that consists mainly of parenchyma, collenchyma, and vascular tissue. (C) A cactus that consists mainly of parenchyma but also contains vascular tissue and sclerenchymatous spines. (D) A woody plant composed mainly of xylem, plus some parenchyma and phloem. (E) An aquatic plant that contains mainly aerenchyma, in addition to vascular tissue.

14. The stem-like axis above the cotyledon(s) is the: (A) epicotyl. (B) hypocotyl. (C) plumule. (D) funiculus. (E) radicle.

15. In photosynthetic pathway, compared to C3 plants, C4 plants (A) have the higher rate of photorespiration. (B) only use PEP carboxylase for carbon fixation. (C) have specialized bundle sheath cells. (D) do not use rubisco for carbon fixation. (E) are adapted to life in the temperate climate.

16. It is usually advantageous to a species if the offspring of a sporophyte are genetically different than the parent sporophyte. Which of the following would be the least likely to ensure genetically different offspring? (A) Pistil and stamens within a flower mature at different times. (B) The pollen produced on a plant cannot germinate on stigmas on the same plant. (C) The species is dioecious. (D) The species is monoecious. (E) The plant is pollinated by bees.

17. Which of the following statements about apoplastic phloem loading is FLASE? (A) It is driven by a proton gradient. (B) The mechanism is sucrose-proton co-transport. (C) The sieve tube provides much of the energy for transport. (D) In some cases. Active transport occurs across the plasma membrane of the sieve tube. (E) In some cases. Active transport occurs across the plasma membrane of the companion cell. O

18. In a vascular plant, the least amount of resistance occurs as water moves between: (A) tracheids through pit-pairs. (B) tracheids through perforations. (C)tracheids through plasmodesmata. (D) vessel elements through pit-pairs. (E) vessel elements through perforations.

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