8. The word “it” in paragraph 1 refers to ______ .
(A) population
(B) year
(C) country
(D) number

9. According to paragraph 1, what is useful about the demographic transition model? (A) It helps explain trends in population growth over time. (B) It can be used to measure birth and death rates. (C) It clarifies the causes of population increase. (D) It predicts the relative speed of population patterns.

10. In paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT mentioned as relevant to the high birth rates in the preindustrial stage? (A) The high level of childhood deaths (B) The need for help in work situations (C) The pressures of tradition (D) The high rate of maternal deaths

11. What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the effect of epidemic diseases on population during the preindustrial stage? (A) They tended to dramatically lower the population growth. (B) They caused the population to decline temporarily. (C) They reduced overall population significantly. (D) They led to sudden overall increases in the birth rate.

12. The word “agrarian” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to______ . (A) basic (B) menial (C) farming (D) village

13. According to paragraph 4, what was one of the main causes of the drop in birth rates? (A) The improvements in hygiene (B) The lack of agricultural work 2  (C) The development of urbanization (D) The superior environment

14. The word “equilibrium” in paragrph 6 is closest in meaning to______ . (A) economic (B) stable (C) variable (D) fixed

15. According to paragraph 6, what is at the root of the huge population increases during the twentieth century? (A) The improvements in health throughout the developing world (B) The fact that birth rates are increasing in many countries (C) The lack of resources in many developing countries (D) The failure of the CDR to respond to economic pressures

16. Why does the author mention the optimism felt in some quarters about future population trends? (A) To introduce the fact that birth rates in some developing countries may be declining faster than anticipated (B) To emphasize that most researchers have taken a pessimistic view of population expansion (C) To show that the demographic transition is a valid model of population trends (D) To suggest that some countries have worked hard a reducing birth rates

17.Choose the letter,（A）（B） （C） （D） in paragraph 4, which shows where the following sentence should be added.“ Industrialization had led to increased urbanization.”(A)(B)(C)(D)

18.

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