9. During the secondary succession in the forest, with time the number of woody species________.
(A) decreases, being highest at the initial stages of the succession.
(B) increases and then levels off, being highest in the climax vegetation.
(C) does not change - pioneer species at the early stage of the succession are slowly replaced by the same number of climax species in the late stage.
(D) is unpredictable and depends on the forest system under study.
(E) none of the above.

1. Which description below about C3 and C4 plants are INCORRECT? (A) Among all plant families, the grass family has the highest number of species using the C4 photosynthetic pathway. (B) Photosynthesis in C3 plants lead to lowerfractionation compared to that in C4 plants. (C) C4 photosynthesis is evolutionarily younger than C3 photosynthesis. (D) C4 plants are in general more efficient in water usage than C3 plants.

2. In a forest ecosystem, the majority of the net primary production________. (A) becomes dead organic matter. (B) is consumed by herbivores. (C) stays within the plants for multiple years.

3. '"'An alien species whose populations are surviving and reproducing beyond the location of introduction" is the definition of an________. (A) Introduced species (B) Exotic species (C) Non-native species (D) Invasive species (E) Naturalized species

4. ''Some animals may reduce metabolic rate to save energy. This behavior may last for several months during summer."" The sentence above describes________. (A) hibernation (B) torpor (C) estivation (D) deep sleep

5. Net primary production (NPP) is________. (A) amount of solar energy captured by algae in oceans and converted into the biomass. (B) total primary production by all primary producers in the ecosystem. (C) the amount of biomass, produced by autotrophs, which is available to the consumers in the ecosystem. (D) the amount of biomass produced by heterotrophic consumer organisms. (E) none of the above.

複選題6. Annual actual evapotranspiration (AET), which represents the total amount of water that evaporates and transpires off a landscape during one year, and is measured in mm of water per year, is influenced by________. (A) temperature and air humidity. (B) precipitation and air humidity. (C) precipitation and temperature. (D) precipitation and wind speed. (E) wind speed and solar radiation.

7. After landslide happens and the part of the mountain slope slides down into the valley, vegetation slowly recovers by primary succession. At the initial stage of the succession, plants growing on the landslide are limited by________. (A) nitrogen. (B) phosphorus. (C) both nitrogen and phosphorus. (D) light availability. (E) too steep slope.

8. Naturally, all the nitrogen present in the nitrogen cycle comes from________. (A) industrial fixation of nitrogen by producing artifcial fertilizers, which are then used to grow the crop. (B) release of nitrogen during the litter decomposition process in the soil. (C) nitrogen fixation activity of some organisms (e.g. bacteria associated with roots of leguminous plants), and lightning. (D) emissions of nitrates from the cars, motorbikes and factories. (E) decomposition of animal bodies.

10. In the famous experiment conducted to prove that Island biogeography theory works, scientists (Simberloff & Wilson) used patches of mangrove islands in the coastal region of Florida. They separated the islands into control and treatment ones, and then________. (A) killed all insect in the treatment islands and then tracked for one year how fast the islands near and far from the mainland will be recolonized. (B) cut mangroves in the treatment islands and then tracked for one year how fast they will grow back. (C) introduced invasive insect species to all islands and tracked for one year how quickly they will be outcompeted by native species. (D) killed all insect in the control islands and then tracked for one year how fast they will be recolonized by the insect from the surroun nding treatment islands. (E) counted all species in treatment islands and compared their number with control islands.

11. Anthropogenic climate change________. (A) decreases the global temperature and influences mostly the tropical and subtropical forests, which more often suffer from frost events. (B) warms the ocean water r and causes the change in the directions of the ocean currents； as a result, there is more rain in dry areas, leading to such anomalies as flowering deserts. (C) is a directional change in global climate, which Iasts for several decades, and is likely caused by human activities. (D) does not exist, because scientists never found any evidence of it. (E) can be stopped by planting trees.

110年 - 110 國立臺灣大學_碩士班招生考試_生態學與演化生物學研究所:生態學(A)#102084

110年 - 110 國立臺灣大學_碩士班招生考試_漁業科學研究所:生態學(D)#101328