9. Utilitarianism argues that
(A) Only equality brings efficiency.
(B) There is a tradeoff between equality and efficiency.
(C) The result is fair if the rules are fair.
(D) The competitive market is fair.

複選題10. Which of the following differs between a perfectly competitive market and a market with a perfectly price discriminating monopoly?(A) The amount of producer surplus(B) The quantity produced(C) The total surplus(D) None of the above because they are all the same in a perfecly competitive market and in a market with a perfectly price discriminating monopoly.

11.Because of a decrease in labor costs, a monopoly finds that its marginal cost and average total cost have decreased. The monopoly __ its price and ________its quantity.(A) raises; increases(B) raises; decreases(C) lowers; increases(D) lowers; decreases

12. A monopolistically competitive firm has excess capacity because in the(A) short run its MR exceeds its MC.(B) short run its 47C is less than its AFC.(C) long run its 47Cexceeds its minimum ATC.(D) long run it makes an economic profit.

13. Which of the following applies to the tragedy of the commons?I. In the absence of govermment action, there is an absence of incentives to prevent the overuse of thecommon resource.II. When consumers take account of the marginal social benefit and marginal social cost, overuse of the resource occurs.III. Even with government action, it is impossible for an efficient level of output to be achied.(A) I only(B) I and II(C) II and III(D) I, II and III

14. When producers are hard to monitor and marginal costs differ across producers,______are aneffective method to achieve efficient use of a________.(A) individual transferable quotas; public good(B) marginal private benefits; public good(C)individual transferable quotas; common resource(D) individual transferable quotas; excludable good

15. When the________ effect dominates the_______effect, the labor supply curve is______.(A) income; substitution; vertical(B) substitution; income; positively sloped(C) income; substitution; negatively sloped(D) substitution; income; horizontal

16. Which condition(s) must exist for the Coase theorem to hold?l.Property rights must exist.II. Transactions costs must be measurable.III. A small number of parties must be involved.(A) I and II only(B) I and III only(C) II and III only(D) I, II and III

17. A decrease in the real interest rate leads to a______the demand for loanable funds curve, and adecrease in the expected profit leads to a______the demand for loanable funds curve.(A) rightward shift in; leftward shift in(B) movement down along; movement up along(C) rightward shift in; movement up along(D) movement down along; leftward shift in

18.  As currently calculated, the CPI tends to overstate the true inflation rate because(A) we cannot know what the true inflation rate is.(B) it fails to correctly measure quality changes for some products.(C) the market basket selected is inappropriate.(D) the market basket fails to weigh housing costs sufficienty.

19.An observer of the economy notices that over the past 12 months the unemployment rate has fallen from ercent to 4.5 percent. During the same time, the rate of growth in real GDP has been posil information we might conclude that(A) inflation is not occurring.(B) an expansion is occurring in the economy.(C) a recession is in progress.(D) a trough in the business cycle will soon be reached.

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