一、何謂「成本推動的通貨膨脹」（cost-push inflation）？何謂「需求拉動的通貨膨脹」（demand-pull inflation）？對於「通貨膨脹隨時隨地皆是一種貨幣現象」（Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon）這句話，你認為有道理嗎？為什麽？（25 分）

⑵ Although most commercials only take 15-30 seconds, an astounding amount of time and money go into their production. Marketing agencies invest a lot of money into research on the most effective ways to persuade consumers to buy their products. Unfortunately, these methods typically rely on appeals to emotion rather than logic, and thus can effectively manipulate viewers into purchasing products that they really don’t need. Media critics call for increased public awareness of advertising techniques and their potentially harmful effects. （10 分）

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