三、中翻英(25%):請將下列中文翻成英文,無須逐字翻譯,但務求不失重要意涵(引自林華慶,2019)
林務局身為森林與保育的主管機關,大步跨出國有林事業區,連結淺山到海岸的各類生態體系以建構生態網络, 確保森林與各類生態系的服務價值,並公平、充分地將森林生態系服務價值衍生的權益舆保育紅利分享給各類權益關係人。

一、心得50%美國林務署2020/12/162020年施政成果新聞稿,以200字以上說明関讀心得。 https://www.fs.usda.gov/news/releases/usda-forest-service-reflects-challenges-and-triumphs-2020 Despite challenges posed by the pandemic. the USDA Forest Service today announced it surpassed goals and set records in 2020. "2020 was a challenging year, with record wildland fire activity and the COVID- 19 pandemic. Throughout the Forest Service, we have risen above these challenges and set our minds, hands and hearts to carrying out our mission to meet the needs of the communities we serve." said Forest Service Chief Vicki Christiansen.The Forest Service relied on its strong science, innovation and partnerships to overcome this year's challenges as the agency found new solutions to serve the public during a time of unprecedented need. Creating bealthy, productive forests and supporting rural economies In 2020. the Porest Service provided jobs and stability for local economies through a year of historic timber production, selling more than 3.2 billion board feet of timber. the second highest level in 20 years. The agency also improved forest conditions and reduced wildfire risk on over 2.65 million acres. removing hazardous fuels like dead and downed trees, and combating disease, insect and invasive species infestations. The Forest Service undertook a suite of regulatory reforms to meet the goals of the Secretarial Memorandunn to the Chief of the Forest Service modernize and align agency directives with new legislative authorities and reduce regulatory burdens. By the end of December 2020. the Forest Service will have nearly completed all guidance to inplement new legislative authorities in the 2018 Farm Bill. In addition, Forest officials quickly began implementing President Trump's Great American Outdoors Act to increase access to national forests and grasslands and make progress towards reducing the agency's$5 billion infrastructure backlog. Managing wildfire, and providing for bealth and safety The Forest Service was successful in prioritizing carly suppression of wildfire ignitions while facing a record-breaking fire year, with the most acres burned on national forests since 1910. The agency's modeling research on how COVID-19 may spread between firefighters or in communities during response efforts led to new interagency safety protocols to better support fire camp management. The protocols not only successfully minimized the spread of COVID-19 among the agency's 10,000 firefighters, but early learning suggests the safety measures resulted in additional health benefits to fire crews, reducing ailments common in fire camps, which translated to a healthier and more resilient firefighting workforce available to protect lives, homes, and communities threatened by wildfire. Sharing stewardship responsibilities and being better neighbors The Forest Service made significant strides toward Shared Stewardship this year, working more closely than ever with Tribes, States. and local partners to make sure the right work happens in the right place at the right time. So far. 44 states and territories are now involved in a Stewardship Agreement. The agreements aliow the Forest Service to employ the latest tools and share decision making on the highest priorities to improve forest conditions across broad landscapes. These new agreements have resuited in increasing resiliency of forests. protection of communities and reduction of wildfire risks. They have also produced jobs and stabilize economies. Increasing access and improving recreation experiencesThis year, Americans sought out their public lands in tremendous numbers, finding relief in the Great Outdoors, showing us once again how pubic lands unite our nation. In response, the Forest Service generated solutions to ensure visitors had every opportuniy to safely use and enjoy their national forests and grasslands during the pandemic. The Forest Service welcomed record-breaking numbers of visitors, many of whom were first time users, with 95% expressing satisfaction with their experiences. "Next year, we will continue to build on these successes to improve conditions on America's national forests and grasslands to ensure they are more resilient and more productive." adided Chief Christiansen. We will keep building on the partnerships that make these successes possible and commit to increasing access to better connect people to their natural resources, so these national treasures endure for generations to come."

二、英翻中(25%)閱讀下列文章翻譯成中文,不必逐字翻譯,但務求不失重要意涵。(取材自WIKI百科) Ecosystem services are the many and varied benefits to humans provided by the natural environment and from healthy ecosystems. Such ecosystems include, for example, agroecosystems. forest ecosystems, grassland ecosystems and aquatic ecosystems. These ecosystems, functioning in healthy relationship, offer such things like natural pollination of crops, clean air, extreme weather mitigation, human mental and physical well-being. Collectively, these benefits are becoming known as 'ecosystem services', and are often integral to the provisioning of clean drinking water, the decomposition of wastes, and resilience and productivity of food ecosystems. While scientists and environmentalists have discussed ecosystem services implicitly for decades, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) in the early 2000s popularized this concept. There, ecosystem services are grouped into four broad categories: provisioning, such as the production of food and water; regulating, such as the control of climate and discase, se; supporting, such as nutrient cycles and oxygen production; and cultural, such as spiritual and recreational benefits. To help inform decision-makers, many ecosystem services are being valuated in order to draw equivalent comparisons to human engineered infrastructure and services.

In the preamble to his 2009 book Vie de lettre, William Marx poses the guiding question of his study: "What is a lettre?" (the word is hard to translate from the French: certainly not simply someone who is literate, but not exactly a scholar or academic, much less a humanist - rather a member of the literati, someone whose life is devoted to books, maybe a 文人, but which would include a contemporary literature professor - ideally]: "Someone whose physical and intellectual existence is ordered around texts and books: living among them, living from them, employing his or her own life to make them live and, of course, to read them." You are attempting to enter this life, to become a lettre(e). This is a very strange thing to do! But what exactly does it mean? "Literati form at the same time the basis of a civilization (they guarantee its continuity) and a destructive instance, a support and a menace: they permit the constitution of an order but participate in its contestation.... Such is the true role of the practice and teaching of Jiterature today: to maintain active the double postulation of literature considered simultaneously as an expression of the real and as power of tearing away from this real; to allow oneself to be moved by these texts that have constructed our world, which are us, and at the same time are not us - or to demolish [that is, critique] them, which amounts to the same thing: we must leave open a door to negation - the difference between culture and entertainment precisely plays out here." Marx continues, "The lettre makes truth triumph against power. He Lor she] alone guarantees the exactitude of sources, the authenticity of texts, the pertinence of original context, the manner of holding closely to original intention. Other interpretations and commentaries are necessary too, but they come ofter, and if the lettre has not done his [or her] job first, these interpretations, however briliant, are meaningless..." But, he cautions, "Attention, however: scholarly reading (la lecture lettree) is also interpretation, because everything is interpretation; but it is an interpretation where the interpreter effaces him- [or her-] self as much as possible behind the text. In other words, scholarly reading is distinguished from other types of reading by a particular ethical dimension: the "I" of the interpreter is loathsome [haissable]. That there is not an ultimate truth of a given text is clear: but it is important to suppose a criterion of truth that renders certain interpretations more probable or more acceptable than others. In any case, the lettre thinks so." Or so William Marx thinks.What about you? What do you imagine the role of a literary scholar - teacher and critic - to be? Based on your exposure so far not only to the literary texts which have appealed to you (or you would not be taking this exam), but also the approaches to them by teachers and critics you have encountered, what do you consider the role of the scholar or lettre(e) to be? is it ideally neutral and self-effacing, the way Marx imagines? Or is this an old-fashioned approach we have fruitfully left behind? If you have any background so far in literary theory, how has this ideal been undermined since the "rise of theory" in the 60s and 70s? Why? If you have not had such exposure, still what do you envision being a lettre(e) will mean for you and your relation to literary texts? Is there an important difference between culture and entertainment? What is the nature of interpretation? What is the point of literary scholarship? Teaching? For that matter, what is the point of literature?

2. 對國際習慣法公認的海盜、販賣人口、滅絕種族、戰爭罪、破壞 和平等罪行，各國皆有司法管轄權。隨著國際犯罪的增多，各國 透過締結國際公約來打擊這些犯罪行為。

二、Translation (30 分)1. Major theft crimes caused by transnational, national, and regionally based criminal enterprises have a devastating impact on the U.S. economy, not only contributing to the rise of consumer prices, but also to the loss of tax revenues to states and communities.

10. 外交及領事豁免 

9. 政治庇護

8. 受刑人移交

7. 互惠原則

6. 假結婚

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