二、簡答題 

 1. Explain the process of naive T cell activation. What is the significance of co-stimulation in this process?

2. CD4+ T cells differentiate into various effector subsets with specialized functions. Describe the main types of CD4+ effector T cells and their roles in the immune response?

3. CAR T cell therapy is a revolutionary approach to cancer treatment. Explain how this immunotherapy works, including the modification of T cells and their mechanism of action against tumor cells.

4. The T cell receptor (TCR) complex is crucial for antigen recognition. Describe the key components of this complex and their respective functions.

5. What is immunological tolerance?

6. The smallpox virus circulated and plagued the human population for many centuries until 1979, thanks to the advent of effective vaccines developed by Dr. Edward Jenner using the skin material of a milkmaid infected by the cowpox virus. Please describe the principle of vaccination against viral infection. Please describe the potential mechanisms of how the cowpox virus vaccine protects humans from smallpox virus infection. (4 points) If you were to develop a new version of the smallpox virus vaccine using current technology, which approach would you take and why?

7. Both innate and adaptive immunity are critical for combating the infections of pathogens. Please compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity concerning specificity, diversity and components.Dr. Lee recently identified a new type of immune cells. Please help him design two experiments to determine if this cell either belongs to the innate or adaptive immune system.

7. What are two products of the C3 convertase?  Name three downstream events that can result from the formation of these products and lead to clearance of the microbe .

6. Name the primary lymphoid tissues in mammals and three main types of secondary lymphoid tissue . What are the principal events that take place in primary and secondary lymphoid tissues? 

5. Bone marrow transplantation can be used to correct immunodeficiencyies caused by defects in lymphocyte maturation. Explain the mechanisms that can result in systemic immune disease or graft rejection in the recipient of bone morrow transplantation. 

(2) Explain patients with XCID have severe impairments in the development of T cells and NK cells but the development of B cells is unaffected.

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