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(1) (25%) Nature conservation Iiterature and policy instruments mainly focus on the impacts of buman development and the benefits of nature conservation for oceans and aboveground terrestrial organisms (e.g,, birds and plants) and processes (e.g, food production), but these efforts almost completely ignore the majority of terrestrial biodiversity that is unseen and living in the soil (1). Little is known about the conservation status of most soil organisms and the effects of nature conservation policies on soil systems. Yet like "canaries in the coal mine," when soil organisms begin to disappear, e ecosystems will soon start to underperform, potentially hindering their vital functions for humankind. Soil biodiversity and its ecosystem functions thus require explicit consideration when cstablishing nature protection priorities and policies and when designing new conservation areas. To , we lay out a global soil biodiversity and ecosystem function monitoring frame ework to be considered in the context of the post-2020 sions of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). To support this framework, we suggest a suite of soil ecological indicators based on essential biodiversity variables (EBVs) (2) (see the figure and table S3) that directly link to current global targets such as the ones established under the CBD, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the Paris Agreement (table S1).
Soils not only are a main repository of terrestrial biodiversity, harboring roughly one-quarter of all species on Earth, but also provide a wide variety of functions (e.g., nutrient cycling, waste decor position) and benefits (e.g., climate regulation, pathogen resistance); they regulate the diversity and functioning of aboveground systems, including their contributions to human well-being (3). If we do not protect soils for the next generations, future aboveground biodiversity and food production cannot be guaranteed. Nonetheless, recent calls to expand nature protection (4), as well as many other initiatives aimed to shape future environmental policies (5), do not consider the specific requirements of soil biodiversity and associated ecosystem functions (6, 7).
Discussions and data concerning soils and their sustainability have long focused on either their vulnerability to physical impacts (e.g., soil erosion) or
improvements to their food production potential (c.g., through fertilization). These narrow perspectives, often missing tangible indicators and discon nnected from environmental mon onitoring, limit a wider discussion on the ccol logical importance of soil biodiversity and its role in maintaining ecosystem functioning beyond food production systems. The prevailing emphasis bas also prevented soils from becoming a more mainstream nature conservation priority. Although initiatives to provide a more holistic representation of soils as ecosystem services providers exist [e.g., (8)], standardized and timely information to track policy targets related to soils is missing, particularly at global scales. These information gaps have precluded the delivery of a robust scientific message supporting the importance of soil biodiversity and have delayed the inclusion of soil biodiversity in nature conservation debates.
Linking soil biodiversity to policy
Links between global soil essential biodiversity variables (EBVs) (outer ring) are prioritized by the Soil Biodiversity Observation Network (SoilBON) and policy sectors (center) through the use of soil ecological indicators (inner ring; table S3). Thin lines correspond to links between EBVs and soil indicators; thicker lines refer to links between each soil indicator and specific policy sectors. The EBVs for soil systems are proposed as a holistic system approach (table S2), where soil organisms are intertwined with relevant soil chemical, physical, and functional properties, ntributing to overall societal well-being. Scc table SI for further information on links to specific policy targets and policies. Sec table S2 for details of the EBVs.
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