1. In a cell at 37°C (310 K), ATP hydrolysis is:
ATP + H₂O → ADP + Pᵢ
Given:
ΔG°' = -30.5 kJ/mole
[ATP] = 5.0 mM
[ADP] = 0.50 mM
[Pᵢ] = 1.0 mM
and assume activity of water ≈ 1.
(a) Calculate the reaction quotient Q. (5%)
(b) Compared with standard biochemical conditions, is ATP hydrolysis more favorable, less favorable, or equally favorable in this cell? Briefly justify. (5%)

2. The initial velocity of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction was measured at various substrate concentrations in the absence and in the presence of inhibitor Y at a fixed concentration. The results are shown below.(a) Based on the data, how does inhibitor Y affect Vmax and Km? (4%)??(b) What type of inhibition does inhibitor Y most likely exhibit? Explain briefly using the kinetic data. (4%)??(c) If the substrate concentration were increased to a very high level, would the inhibition by Y be overcome? Why or why not? (2%)??

3. Please explain the definition (2%), process (4%), and mechanism (4%) of photorespiration.??

4. (a) What is the salvage pathway of purine? (b) What reactions (substrates & products) are involved?(c) What is the key enzyme in response to this process? (d) What disease is caused by the deficient of this key enzyme? (e) What is the outcome of the disease?

5. The folding cycle of the GroES-GroEL complex in E. coli involves the following steps: Please consider these steps and arrange them in the correct order for the folding cycle. A. ATP binding to GroEL B. GroES dissociates from the complex C. Partially folded protein hydrophobic residues bind GroEL D. GroES is recruited to GroEL  E. GroES promotes ATP hydrolysis and α-subunits undergo a conformational change that buries the hydrophobic patches

IV. Essay (30%): Read the following passage and write an approximately 300-word essay. "Universities rush to promise 'AI literacy' the way companies promise 'innovation.' The phrase sounds modern and responsible, but it often means nothing beyond 'try a few tools." Explain what you think "AI literacy" should include and whether it should be a required curriculum for university students.

IV. Essay. (30%) While inclusion is widely regarded as a social good, some argue that unlimited inclusion may weaken shared norms, institutional coherence, or collective decision-making. Write an at least 500-word essay divided into two paragraphs. In the first paragraph, explain the key arguments for and against expansive inclusion. In the second paragraph, state your own stance, and justify it by explaining why you disagree with the opposing position.

(1)肢體接觸（5 分）

(2)飲食文化（5 分）

(3)言談隱私（5 分）

(1)請說明傳統華人宗法社會中，「堂」與「表」的基本區分原則，以及反映了何種家族向心力觀念。（9 分）

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