2. ______are microorganisms that normally live harmlessly in symbiosis with their host.

1. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells are two hroughs in cancer immunotherapy. Based on the signal transduction in T cells explain the principles of how ICB and CAR-T work (5 分). Second, compare and contrast these methods regarding the requiements for successful induction of antitumor immuni

2. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are the first line of the defense system in innate immune . Please describe two PRRs and the pathogen-associated molecular patterns(P recognize in pathogens and their brief signaling pathways (5 分). After the ligation of PRRs with their PAMPs, the signaling events usually lead to the production of cytokines in innate cells. escribe the functions of two cytokines produced following PRR signal

3. BCR and ICR are B-cell and T-cell antigen receptors, respectively. Please compare and contrast the similarity and differences between these two receptors. (5分)

4.Describe how a naive T cell is activated and what is meant by co-stimulation in Tc (3分)

5. Briefly describe what characterizes the three different phases of""cancer immunoediting".(3 分)

6.An antibody molecule can be divided into two regions. One is called the constant region or C region, and the other one is known as the variable region or V region. The bypervariable sequences in the V region correspond to three loops localized to the surface of the molecule. The loops are termed complementary-determining regions, or CDRs. Please explain: (1) What the "complementary" means, and (2) How important the CDRs function in antigen binding? (5 分)

7. Neutralizing antibodies are effective at preventing infection or toxicity mediated by pathogens or their toxic products. In fact, nearly all vaccines currently in use function by eliciting neutralizing antibodies. Please explain: (1) the effector activities of neutralizing antibodies; (2) why a booster dose is needed for non-infectious vaccines (e.g. inactivated whole cell vaccine, subunit vaccine, mRNA vaccines, etc.) (6分)

非選擇題【作文1題，100分】       法國軍事家拿破崙征戰各地，一度在歐洲獲得巨大的勝利；至聖先師孔子周遊列國，四處宣揚政治理想，終不得重用而返國發憤著述， 至今仍影響深遠；臺東賣菜阿嬤陳樹菊立志助人，她省吃儉用，把賣菜所得捐獻出來，累積捐款上千萬，並於 2010 年登上時代雜誌。這些 人物，各自展現了不同面向的成功。          你又是怎麼看待「成功」呢？是否有什麼關鍵而難忘的成功或失 敗的經驗呢？請以「成功，是……」為題，在題目中為成功簡明扼要 地定義，同時在文中陳述自己對於「成功」的看法，並舉例說明。

(1)(6分)

(2)(6分)

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