2. ______are microorganisms that normally live harmlessly in symbiosis with their host.

Place the following events in the correct order when a body responds to an infection. (A) Effector cells aind antibodies are carried by efferent lymph and blood to the infected tissues.(B) Antigen-presenting cells process pathogens and migrate to the secondary lymphoid organs to activate lymphocytes.(C) Neutrophils are recruited to the site of infection to phagocytose and kill pathogens.(D) Phagocytes are activated by effector lymphocytes to digest and eliminate pathogens.(E) The skin and the mucosal epithelia form a physical barrier to prevent pathogens from entering the body. (F)Phagocytes that reside in the tissues, such as macrophages, phagocytose path(G) Phagocytes release cytokines and chemokines and induce inflammation.(H) Lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into effector cells.(I) Effector cells develop into memory cells to provide long-lasting immunity to pathog (J) Antimicrobial peptides and complements are activated to kill pathogens.

四、填充題Fill-in-the-Blanks:每題1分,共2分1.______ is the receptor for SARS-CoV2.

1. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells are two hroughs in cancer immunotherapy. Based on the signal transduction in T cells explain the principles of how ICB and CAR-T work (5 分). Second, compare and contrast these methods regarding the requiements for successful induction of antitumor immuni

2. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are the first line of the defense system in innate immune . Please describe two PRRs and the pathogen-associated molecular patterns(P recognize in pathogens and their brief signaling pathways (5 分). After the ligation of PRRs with their PAMPs, the signaling events usually lead to the production of cytokines in innate cells. escribe the functions of two cytokines produced following PRR signal

3. BCR and ICR are B-cell and T-cell antigen receptors, respectively. Please compare and contrast the similarity and differences between these two receptors. (5分)

4.Describe how a naive T cell is activated and what is meant by co-stimulation in Tc (3分)

5. Briefly describe what characterizes the three different phases of""cancer immunoediting".(3 分)

6.An antibody molecule can be divided into two regions. One is called the constant region or C region, and the other one is known as the variable region or V region. The bypervariable sequences in the V region correspond to three loops localized to the surface of the molecule. The loops are termed complementary-determining regions, or CDRs. Please explain: (1) What the "complementary" means, and (2) How important the CDRs function in antigen binding? (5 分)

7. Neutralizing antibodies are effective at preventing infection or toxicity mediated by pathogens or their toxic products. In fact, nearly all vaccines currently in use function by eliciting neutralizing antibodies. Please explain: (1) the effector activities of neutralizing antibodies; (2) why a booster dose is needed for non-infectious vaccines (e.g. inactivated whole cell vaccine, subunit vaccine, mRNA vaccines, etc.) (6分)

7. Both innate and adaptive immunity are critical for combating the infections of pathogens. Please compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity concerning specificity, diversity and components.Dr. Lee recently identified a new type of immune cells. Please help him design two experiments to determine if this cell either belongs to the innate or adaptive immune system.

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