3. DNA dependent RNA polymerase

4. Frame shift mutation

5. Reverse transcriptase

三、翻譯題   One of the most difficult and interesting mysteries surrounding the origin of life is exactly how the genetic material could have formed starting from simpler molecules present on the early earth. Judging from the roles that RNA has in modern cells, it seems likely that RNA appeared before DNA. When modern cells make proteins, they first copy genes from DNA into RNA and then use the RNA as a blueprint to make proteins. This last stage could have existed independently at first. Later on, DNA could have appeared as a more permanent form of storage, thanks to its superior chemical stability. 

(a) endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

(b) Golgi apparatus?

二、問答題 1. Both bacterial strains A and B possess gene X on their chromosomes. However, only strain A shows a positive reaction with anti-protein X antibody in the Western analysis. What mutation(s) does strain B have? Describe an experiment to identify the possible mutation(s). 

2. At 8:00 a.m. a closed flask of sterile broth is inoculated with 10,000 bacteria. The lag phase lasts 2 hour. At 4:00 p.m. the log phase culture has a population of 1 x 107 bacteria. What is the generation time of this bacterium? Please include your calculation in your answer. 

3. Read the following paragraph and answer the question: Using transgenic plants as a novel and safe system for vaccine production, which could become an attractive alternative in animal health care. The fact that feeding animals with transgenic plants expressing a recombinant antigen caused a systemic immune response demonstrates the viability of using recombinant plants as both an expression and delivery system for oral vaccines. The establishment of plant-based immunization methods for microbial antigens may be an inexpensive alternative to conventional fermentation systems for vaccine production, as plants can be grown inexpensively in large quantities and provide a practical and feasible delivery system. Question: Please name   two   advantages of using transgenic plants for vaccine production. 

(a) What is the full term for "PCR" described above? 

(b) Explain why PCR is an indispensable technique in medical and biological research. 

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